130 
a whole, is believed, at Kitwanga, to be a branch of that of 'Waws, and to 
have come from the neighbouring Carriers, This naturally may not be 
true of the three households under him. It seems, from the traditional 
accounts, that a part of the Gitrhandakhl Wolves migrated in the first 
place from upper Kalem river to what is now the country of the Carriers 
on Bulkley river, there to establish in permanence two households under 
the chieftainship of ’Waws and Gurhwawq, and at a subsequent date, 
another among the Gitksan of Kunekstset (the name of a tribe that later 
became Kitwanga). These households of Tenemgy'et and Hlawts in par- 
ticular are believed to have issued from that of ’Waws. 
Thus we find that the Gitrhandakhl clan of the Wolf phratry at the 
present clay consists of seven families: two in the Gitsemralem tribe, of 
the Tsim.syan; two, amiong the Carriers of Hagwelget or Moricetown; and 
three, in the Kitwanga tribe of the Gitksan. 
The Wolf families under Arhtech, at Kitwanga, own tliree totem poles, 
and a carved emblem on a platform; one of these is the property of Hlawts. 
DESCRIPTION 
The oldest of these poles stands in commiem.oration of Hlawts (Plate 
XXVII, figure 1), and is known to some informants under the name of 
“Pole-of-the-Mountain-lion” ( Konem-hawaao ). Its figures are the Moun- 
tain-lion (HaivaaQ)j at the top;^ the Wolf, head down, whose tail runs 
through the body of the Lion; the Rear, whose specific namie here is En- 
sr.ared-bear (Tsiphum-sinaih)] a second Wolf; ancl a second Bear, through 
the body of which an opening was carved — a cerem.onial doorway to the 
feast house. 
The second pole is called the Ensnared-bear ( Tsiphwn-smaih ) (Plate 
XXVn, figure 2), and belongs to Arhteeh. Its figures are: the Wolf; the 
mythical ancestress whose name was Brpeesunt, holding two bear cubs in 
her arms and sitting on a chest; the Wolf; the Ensnared-bear; tlie Wolf; 
and the Ensnared-bear. 
The third pole was called the Pole-of-the-V/olf ( Kanem-keebu ) (Plate 
XXVn, figure 3). Its figures are: the Wolf; the Ensnared-bear; the 
Bear-cubs (Secawalhu); and Hrpeesunt, the mythic ancestress with a cub 
in her arms. 
The carving on the platform (Plate XXVII, figure 4) represents the 
Mountain-lion ( Hawaao ). 
ORIGIN 
Only three out of the five crests belonging to these families are repre- 
sented, and they are several times repeated on their poles: the Wolf, the 
Ensnared-bear, and the Mountain-lion. The mythical woman Hrpeesunt 
and her bear cubs are less in the nature of a crest than of an illustration 
of a family myth. 
The Gitksan, to our knowledge, possess no myth on the origin of the 
Wolf emblem and phratric name or badge; although such a myth exists 
among their Nisrae neighbours to the north. The Wolf crest here is taken 
for granted, without formal justification. 
‘There are differences cf opinion about this figure. Although three inforioanta (Alfred Sinclair, Mrs, Stephen 
Morgr.n — 1 eneirgset, and Jim Leral nits) identified it aa the Lion, others believed it to represent the Bear. 
