208 
burg a chart on which, opposite the far northeast of Siberia, was drawn a coast under the 
name of “Bolshaya Zemlya.” At St. Petersburg Shestakov was ordered to bring under 
subjection the rebellious Chukchee and to explore the land opposite the Chukotski Cape. 
In the spring of 1730 he perished in the region of Penzhina Bay, but his successor, captain 
Pavlutski, sent in the autumn of 1730 an expedition to the coast of the Bolshaya Zemlya 
under the command of navigator Ivan I'edorov, whose assistant was the geodesist Michael 
Gvozdev. In August 1732, they landed on the coast of the Bolshaya Zemlya, near the 
Prince of Wales Cape. They also sm-veyed the islands in the Bering Strait (the Islands 
of Diomede, or Gvozdev), and discovered an island now called King’s Island, or Ukivok. 
A map drawn according to Gvozdev’s journals was lost, but in the middle of the XVIIIth 
century the discoveries of Fedorov were very well known in St. Petersburg, and in a map 
drawn by Gerhardt Muller and published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1758 
under the name, “NouveUe carte des ddcouvertes faites par des vaisseaux russiens aux 
c6tes inconnues de I’Am^rique Septentrionale avec les pais adiacents” w^e see in the strait 
between Asia and America, opposite to the Island of Diomede, a coast (part of North 
America) ending at latitude 66® N. in a cape with the inscription; “Cote diicouverte par 
le G^odesiste Gwozdew en 1730” (the coast was actually discovered in the year 1732).” 
(Pp, 8-9.) 
‘Tn accordance with Baranov’s proposition in 1796 a Russian settlement Novoros- 
siisk was founded on the bay of Yakutat. In 1798 the Russian-American Company was 
formed, the management of which was entrusted to Baranov. In 1799 a settlement was 
founded on Sitka, wduch several years later was plundered by the TIinkits, In 1804 to 
replace this settlement, Novoarkhangelsk was founded on Sitka in latitude 57° 3' N. At 
that time there were thirteen Russian settlements betw'een Kodiak and Sitka. In 1812, 
in latitude 38° 33’ N. not far from San Francisco bay, a fort called Ross (i.e. Russian) was 
founded at the southermnost point of the Russian possessions in America.” (P. 17.) 
(6) Ethnography, by Leo Sternberg 
“Thus we received our earliest information on the ethnography of Northern Asia 
from that band of intrepid men, who by their unrivalled courage and endurance, in the 
course of a hundred and fifty years, have enlarged Russia with an entire continent stretch- 
ing from the Ural mountains to Kamchatka. These men were known under the name of 
“Cossacks.” They were soon follow^ed by another wave of adventurers, who were attracted 
to the newly discovered country by rumours of its enormous wealth in furs. These latter 
are the men who were known under the name of “promyshlenniki” (trappers, fur traders). 
Both these groups of pioneers were animated by two kinds of motives. Besides the 
passion for gain and conquest another unselfish aspiration was born, that of discovering 
new lands and new nations. 
All these adventurers, who soon became servants of the Crown, began to submit regular 
reports of their discoveries to the local authorities. These reports, which were written in 
artless language and laconical style, still give to the student most valuable information 
on the original distribution, number and character of the peoples, that inhabit Siberia and 
the Pacific shore. This information is particularly important, as the ethnographical pecu- 
liarities of these tribes have since undergone enormous changes and would be lost to science 
but for those reports. To show how important these reports are, it should be remembered 
that the reports of the cossack Dezhnev, who discovered Bering straits, a century before Bering, 
already contain a description of the American Eskimo. Unfortunately, these valuable 
documents have for a long time lain buried in local archives, and it needed a special scien- 
tific expedition to unearth them.” (P. 162.) 
“The discoveries of the second Kamchatka expedition had two results. Among the 
traders they created a desire to establish factories in the newly discovered countries, while 
the Government hastened to incorporate the new temtories with the Empire and to make 
their inhabitants Russian subjects. Between 1745-62 local fur traders discovered the 
Aleutian islands and collected the first information on their inhabitants ... At the 
same time the territory of our fur-trading enterprises spread over the islands and the main- 
land of America, and the Russians came into contact not only with the Eskimo tribes, 
but also with the north-western Indians — ^the Tlingits and the Athapaskans. This exten- 
sion of territory for the sake of our fur trade had two important consequences. First of 
all it induced the trading enterprises to unite into companies. The final result of this 
tendency was the organization of the Russian-American Company, which occurred in 
the beginning of the XIXth century. In order to establish its business on a rational 
