26 
Four specimens, judging from the deep abrasions on the sides, were 
in some cases used as hammers. 
The objects described on page 41, one of which is illustrated in Plate 
XIX, figure 5, may have been whetstones, the incurved edges perhaps 
resulting from continuous use. 
ARROW r SHAFT SMOOTHERS OR SCRAPERS 
A few chert chips with deep concave notches may have been used 
as arrowshaft scrapers. They resemble some specimens figured by Wilson 1 . 
TOOLS USED BY WOMEN 
The following tools used by women were found: scrapers chipped 
from stone, shell scrapers, beaming tools or drawshave scrapers made of 
bone, pointed bone awl-like tools, a bone needle-like tool, and some possible 
cord or sinew smoothers. 
SCRAPERS CHIPPED FROM CHERT 
Thirty-nine whole and eleven fragmentary specimens were probably 
intended for use as scrapers in tanning hides. Plate XX, figures 1 to 5, 
shows the different types. Most of them are made from plano-convex 
chert chips, retaining the original fractured surface on the flat sides. 
Others are concavo-convex. The lower side of two blades, one of which 
is illustrated in figure 4, is convex. Thirteen specimens are irregularly 
shaped and eleven have the upper end narrower than the scraping edge, 
both edges converging nearly to a point on six specimens ( See figure 4). 
One specimen has a scraping edge at each end (figure 5). Three-fourths 
of the blades show no signs of wear on the scraping edge. An irregularly 
shaped specimen, with concave back, is seen in figure 1. The blade shown 
in figure 2 has the edges above the scraping end deeply incurved, possibly 
to facilitate fastening to a handle. The upper end of the plano-convex 
blade, seen in figure 3, is wedge-shaped. 
Scrapers were as plentiful here as at later Neutral sites in this county 
and in Waterloo county. 
MANUFACTURE OF SCRAPER BLADES 
Nine specimens, found here, are apparently either in process of manu- 
facture into scraper blades or are rejects. One is a thick, leaf-shaped 
form, much larger than any of the completed blades; another seems to be 
a reject, a misdirected blow in the course of the chipping having rendered 
further work on it useless. 
SCRAPERS MADE OF SHELLS 
Four half shells of freshwater clams, with the ventral margin worn, 
seem to have been used as scrapers, perhaps for smoothing the inner and 
outer surfaces of pottery vessels. One is a whole right valve of Lampsilis 
‘Wilson, Dr. Thomas: “Arrowpoints, Spearheads, and Knives of Prehistoric Times,” Report of the U.S. Na- 
tional Museum, 1897, pt. 1, Washington, figs. 2 and 6, Plate 26 (1899). 
