antler fragment illustrated in Plate XXI, figure 5. Some of the pieces 
had the scorched part hacked with an ax or a knife to permit it to be 
broken still more easily. 
cutting 
This required some special tool such as a knife or a sawlike implement, 
although any suitably sharp piece of chert was probably in many cases 
used for the purpose. Specimens illustrating the process are shown in 
Plate I, figures 16 and 17; Plate XX, figures 10, 17, and 22; Plate XXI, 
figures 6 and 10; and Plate XXII, figures 1, 2, 14, 15, 18, and 22. 
The piece of antler illustrated in Plate XXI, figure 6, has been whittled 
to a point and the sides also show evidence of whittling. One of the cuts is 
about half an inch long. To make such a long, clean cut, on tough material 
like antler, would seem to require a knife with a sharper and less brittle 
edge than any of the specimens, thought to be knives, that were found at 
Uren, unless the antler w T as first softened by boiling in water. 
CUTTING AND BREAKING 
To cut a piece of antler or bone crosswise, the material was first deeply 
scored or grooved on two sides, or all around, and then broken. Eighteen 
pieces of antler and eleven pieces of bone show T this method of cutting. 
Most of the bone beads wore severed from the stock bone in this manner. 
The specimen represented in Plate XXI, figure 9, is the left humerus of 
a large bird (probably the wild turkey), with the distal end removed, 
possibly with the intention of transforming the shaft into a tube or bead 
by removing also the other joint. The distal extremity of a right humerus 
of a wild turkey, and the proximal joint of the right femur of a bald eagle, 
were severed from the shaft by cutting and breaking. The cut on the 
fragment of a right ulna of a deer, illustrated in Plate XXI, figure 14, 
seems to have been made to remove part of the olecranon process, as in 
the awl shown in Plate XX, figure 12. The piece of antler shown in Plate 
XXI, figure 7, was whittled and then broken across, leaving some of the 
slivers projecting beyond the sides of the cut, as in many cases occurs 
when hurriedly cutting a stick in two. These slivers appear to have been 
removed from the piece shown in figure 8, on the same plate. In both 
specimens the cuts were apparently made toward the larger end of the 
antler, suggesting that the knife was drawn toward the worker in the usual 
Indian manner. The pieces of antler seen in Plate XXI, figures 11 and 
12, were deeply grooved and then broken. The specimen illustrated in 
figure 13 shows two parallel cuttings. 
To obtain long and more or less slender pieces with straight, parallel 
edges, without danger of breaking them crosswise, deep longitudinal 
grooves were made with a plough grinder, or in some cases perhaps with 
a piece of chert, and the remaining thin part of the bone then broken. 
Forty-eight pieces of bone and two pieces of antler show this method of 
cutting. Twenty-four certainly, and ten probably, are pieces of the meta- 
carpal and metatarsal bones of the deer. Nineteen of these specimens 
show that advantage was in some cases taken of the deep natural groove 
