31 
on the back of the metacarpals and the front and back of the metatarsals, 
because they required very little artificial deepening to make the bone 
break easily along the desired lines. The fragment of a metatarsus, 
illustrated in Plate XXI, figure 15, shows evidence of the use of a plow 
grinder that has not, however, deepened the natural narrow groove; there 
is also the beginning of a longitudinal groove on the back. A fragment of 
a metacarpus is deeply grooved on the front and back, one of the grooves 
being along the natural, faint depressed line on the front of the bone. The 
fragment, seen in figure 16, is a piece separated either from a metacarpus 
or metatarsus by two separate parallel cuts. The long, slender, fluted 
bone, seen in figure 18, retains traces of the longitudinal cutting on both 
edges. It was probably in process of manufacture into an awl, for thirteen 
finished awls were made from pieces of bone cut from stock bones by this 
method. 
As may be seen in the fragment of what appears to have been the 
bowl of a stone pipe, illustrated in Plate XXI, figure 19, this method was 
in some cases used to cut pieces of stone. Both cuts on the severed edges 
were deep, the one at the left leaving a septum, about one-sixteenth of an 
inch thick, to be broken. Another longitudinal V-shaped cut may be seen 
about the middle. 
The striie on the sides of the grooves in some specimens suggest that 
the plow grinder, or other tool used to do the cutting, w T as of a gritty nature. 
Deeper and more irregular striae on other pieces suggest that the cutting 
tool was chipped from stone. The point for an arrow, illustrated in Plate 
I, figure 5, has the basal edge considerably worn, as if from some such use, 
the pointed end having been inserted in a handle. 
CHIPPING 
Stone specimens, illustrating this process, are seen in Plate I, figures 
1 to 14; Plate XIX, figures 10 to 15; Plate XX, figures 1 to 5; and Plate 
XXI, figures 20 and 21. The specimen seen in Plate XXI, figure 20, is a 
thin, oblong shale pebble, with the edges at one end and one side chipped, 
possibly in preparation for grinding or fashioning into a tool. The chipped 
piece of stone illustrated in figure 21 seems to be a fragment of an imple- 
ment in process of being refashioned into some other tool. The facets 
which remain on the slate gorget, illustrated in Plate XXIII, figure 18, 
show that it was chipped into form before it was ground to its present 
shape. The rougher chipping was probably done with hammerstones. In 
the finer work tools like those seen in Plate XIX, figures 2, 3, and 4, were 
probably used. 
PECKING 
This process in many cases succeeded the chipping process in the 
manufacture of some of the artifacts made of such non-siliceous materials 
as slate, granite, diabase, etc. The pecking was probably done with 
hammerstones like the one made of chert, described on page 23, 
SCRAPING 
Several specimens illustrate this method of reducing pieces of bone 
and antler into shape before beginning the rubbing process. The long, 
slender piece of bone, illustrated in Plate XXI, figure 3, has portions of 
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