41 
twenty were collected by the writer from the surface of the later site; 
and many others are knowm to have been found by collectors and the 
owners of the farm. 
This comparative scarcity of earthenware pipes at Uren accords with 
their scarcity at Algonkian sites in Ontario, New York, and Pennsylvania. 
MANUFACTURE OF EARTHENWARE PIPES 
The material of which these pipes were made consists of clay con- 
taining in twelve specimens no recognizable tempering. Eight show 
scattered particles of feldspar, quartz, or some other rock. Five other 
pieces, judging from angular cavities on their surfaces, seem to have been 
tempered with some vegetal material— possibly grass or grass stems — - 
either purposely or accidentally mixed with the clay and destroyed during 
the firing; a charred piece of vegetal material is plainly recognizable in one 
fragment. One of the stone tempered pieces seems to be impregnated 
with iron salts. 
The shape of the bottom of the bowl cavity of one fragment suggests 
that the clay had been modelled over one of the straight ends of a cylind- 
rical object. 
The round holes, seen in the stems of most of the pipe fragments, 
seem to have been made by modelling the clay around a reed or twig, 
which w r as either withdrawn or allowed to be burnt during the firing. 
All the fragments show that pipes were burnt as hard as most of the 
pottery ware found here. 
BONE TUBES 
The tube, illustrated in Plate XXIII, figure 16, was made by removing 
the extremities of what is apparently the femur of a young bear. The 
edge of the more complete end is smoothly finished; the other end is 
broken. Tw r o fragmentary bone specimens may be parts of similar tubes; 
and a polished bone tube in the Museum 1 , from lot 25, con. VII, Malahide 
tp., Elgin co., is made from the sailie kind of bone. 
BONE WHISTLE 
A fragment of a bird bone, with the remains of what appear to have 
been finger-holes or vents, at about equal distances apart, may be part of 
a whistle. 
CHARMS OR AMULETS 
Perforated pebbles, like those illustrated in Plate XXII, figures 6 
and 7, may have been regarded as charms, especially the one illustrated 
in figure 7, if the Indians ever held the belief, current among whites, that 
naturally perforated stones have protective or prophylactic powers, or 
bring good luck. 
A few periotic bones 2 of the deer seem unnaturally polished, as if 
they had been carried or worn suspended as charms. Such bones, like the 
curious fossils and other objects often cherished as fetishes, may have been 
invested with mystic virtues on account of their curious shape. The same 
kind of bone, taken from the skull of the domestic pig, is known to be 
carried by some whites as a prophylactic charm. We have no evidence, 
how r ever, that even modern Indians ever used such bones as amulets. 
iCat. No. VIII-D-7837, Nat. Mus. of Canada. 
*The internal bones of the ear, also known as the petrous portion of the temporal bone. 
