2 
Van Dyke, University of California; Mr. E. C. Van Duzee, Academy 
Sciences, San Francisco; Dr. F. E. Blaisdell, San Francisco; Mr. Chas, 
Schaeffer, Brooklyn Mnseum; Mr. H. W. Wenzel, Philadelphia; Prof. 
C. J. Drake, Ames, Iowa; Prof. H. F. Wickham, University of Iowa; 
Prof. R. H. Beamer, University of Kansas, Mr. S. A. Hardy, Provincial 
Museum, Victoria, B.C.; Mr. F. S. Carr, Medicine Hat, Alberta; Mr. J. 
B. Wallis, Winnipeg, Man.; and Dr. J. H. McDunnough and Mr. J. J. de 
Gryse of the Dominion Entomological Branch, Ottawa, for the loan of 
specimens, comparison of material with types, the discussion of synonymy, 
or for helpful suggestions. 
When the study was first undertaken Dr. F. C. Craighead joined the 
writers in a preliminary study of characters in the species of this subfamily 
and has in many cases been consulted with reference to co-ordinating the 
characters of the larvae with those of the adults. 
Mr. F. C. Hennessey, artist in the Dominion Entomological Branch, 
has made the drawings and photographs illustrating this paper, under the 
careful supervision of the writers. 
Variations 
Some species in this tribe present only a few minor variations, even 
when a long series is studied ; whereas other species vary greatly even in the 
same locality, or have local colour forms which in some cases are probably 
seasonal or climatic. In many instances we have taken the extremes in 
colour variation in copulation and thus established definite relationships. 
The marked variation in many species of the Lepturini has naturally 
led to the description of forms or races under specific names, particularly 
when the specimens dealt with came from widely separated localities. As 
our collections and our knowledge of distribution increase, these names must 
be relegated to synonymy. Any study of this kind, based on museum 
specimens alone, must at best be imperfect, even though both external 
and internal characters be thoroughly exploited. At present, we can only 
look forward to the time when taxonomic work can be based upon the study 
of a large number of individuals of all the species, representing the extreme 
geographic range, including both external and internal characters and all 
life-stages of the species, a wide knowledge of the biology, and information 
that can be obtained only through crossbreeding closely related forms. In 
the meantime, progress can be made by using all the information that is 
available. 
In a few species of this group the colour differs markedly between 
the sexes, as in Leptura abdominalis Hald. and Anoplodera laetijica Lee. 
Colour variations from luteus or testaceous through every variety of macu- 
lation to completely black are found in certain species. In some, such as 
Anoplodera instabilis Hald., the abdominal segments may be black, rufous, 
or testaceous. The legs may be black, testaceous, or bicoloured in the same 
species, as in Grammoptera subargentata Kby. and in G, ruficeps Lee. The 
elytral apices may be acutely rounded, broadly rounded, or subtruncate, 
as in Anoplodera crassipes Lee., or may be either emarginate or subeinar- 
ginate, as in certain species of Leptura . The colour of the prothorax in 
many cases varies in the same species from rufous or testaceous to black, 
as in Pidonia ruficollis Say. In some long series from the same locality, 
these colour variations grade imperceptibly from one extreme to the other 
and we have been obliged to conclude that these belong to the same species. 
