618 
clvii. gr amine is (Stapf). [Echinochloa. 
secondary ones prominent. Panicles more or less nodding and secund, 
4-10 in. long, axis slender, triquetrous, with a flat or convex smooth 
or scabrid back, J-l \ lin. wide, hispidulous or glabrous except at the 
scabrid angles ; branches few to many, distant or rather crowded, 
alternate, suberect or nodding, 1-2 in. or occasionally up to 
6 in. loijg, often forming stout dense 2-4-ranked simple secund false 
spikes ; rhachis like the axis but more slender, villosulous or 
pubescent close to the base, sometimes with scattered long stiff hairs, 
rarely hirsute all along, J lin. wide ; pedicels mostly 2-nate, very 
short, rarely the longer up to almost 1 lin. long, tips discoid. Spike- 
lets crowded, rarely discontiguous, ovate-oblong to lanceolate-ovate, 
2-3 lin. long (excluding the awn if any), seldom less, mostly pale 
green, rarely tinged with purple or red or almost quite purplish-red. 
Glumes thin, minutely rigidly and appressedly pubescent between 
the hispidulous nerves, the rigid cilia of the nerves often tubercle- 
based ; lower ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, more or 
less mucronate, half to two-thirds the length of the spikelet, 3- to 
sub-5-nerved ; upper glume corresponding in outline to the spikelet, 
concave, caudate-acuminate or produced into a short scabrid com- 
pressed awn, 5-nerved or 7-nerved at the tips. Lower floret g or 
sometimes barren ; valve similar to the upper glume, but flat or 
depressed on the back, subhyaline except at the herbaceous-mem- 
branous sides, produced into an awn 2-12 lin. long, scabrid ; valvule 
oblong with more or less scaberulous or, when reduced, smooth 
nerves ; anthers (if any) 1 lin. long. Upper floret oblong to lanceo- 
late-oblong, mucronate-acuminate, 1J-2J lin. long, straw-coloured, 
polished ; valve and valvule subcoriaceous, crustaceous. Grain obo- 
vate-oblong, 1 J lin. by § lin., white. — E. scabra, Eoem. & Schult. Syst. 
ii. 479. Panicum stagninum, Retz. Obs. v. 17 ; Koenig in Yerh. Naturf . 
Freunde, xxiii. 201 ; Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 295 ; Nees, Agrost. Bras. 
261 ; Trin. Pan. Gen. 128, and in Mem. Acad. Petersb. 6 me ser. iii. 
216 ; Steud. Syn. PI. Glum. i. 47 ; Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. vii. 394 ; 
Wood, Natal PI. t. 492 ; Rhod. Agric. Journ. 1906, 5.00 ; Cooke, 
FI. Bombay, ii. 930 ; Chiov. in Ann. Istit. Bot. Roma, viii. 299 ; 
Chevalier, Sudania, 172 ; Eyles in Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr. v. 301. 
P. scabrum, Lam. 111. i. 171, and Encycl. iv. 744 ; Nees, he. ; 
Steud. l.c. ; Durand & Schinz, Consp. FI. Afr. v. 764 ; De Wild. & 
Durand, Contr. FI. Congo, i. ii. 73 ; A. Cheval. in Compt.- 
Rend. Assoc. Fran§. Avanc. Science, 1900, 650-652, (inch subsp. 
oryzetorum , stagninum , Lelievrei and Burgu). P. Galli , Thunb. 
Prodr. 18, and FI. Cap. ed. i. 389, ed. Schult. 103. P. Crus-Galli , 
var. stagninum , Fenzl in Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1850 ; Hack, in 
Durand & Schinz, l.c. 745 ; Hook, f . in Trim. Handb. FI. Ceyl. v. 136. 
P. Crus-Galli , vars maximum, submuticum and leiostachyum, Franch. 
Contr. FI. Congo Fran£. in Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun, viii. 347 
(reprint, 39, 40) . P. Crus-Galli, var. submuticum, Th. & Hel. Durand , 
Syll. FI. Congol. 631. P. pictum, Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 59 ; not Agrost . 
