Vol. VIII. No. 89. 
IMPERIAL INSTITUTE JOURNAL. 
[May, 1902.] 13 1 
goods, are sending a representative over who would be pleased to hear from importers of 
this class of goods. 
A Toronto firm of manufacturers’ agents wish to be placed in communication with the 
United Kingdom manufacturers of stationery articles, Christmas cards, and similar 
goods. 
A Canadian firm manufacturing maple skewers wish to get into communication with 
British importers of same. 
A Montreal house whose travellers cover Eastern Canada, wish to hear from United 
Kingdom manufacturers of grocers’ specialities, novelties, and stationery goods, seeking 
representation in Canada. 
A Canadian company packing bacon and other pork and beef products invite correspond- 
ence from importers. 
Foreign Enquiry, — A firm in Hamburg wish to be supplied with the names of Canadian 
exporters of pigs’ beads in pickle, feet in salt, and various kinds of bacon. 
— 
MAPS AND CHARTS— RECORDS. 
[The entire collection of maps (with the exception of a few atlases and maps issued by private 
firms) consists of authoritative publications of the various government cartographical departments. 
Such as : the One-inch Ordnance Survey of Great Britain and Ireland, a complete set of Admiralty 
Charts, and a selection from the maps compiled in the Intelligence Division of the War Office ; 
the monumental “ Indian Atlas," and a large number of the publications of the Surveyor-General’s 
Office, Calcutta ; the Geological Survey of Canada, and the Government Surveys of Victoria and 
New South Wales. In the arrangement of the collection, the geographical classification of the 
War Office Intelligence Department catalogue has, with some modifications, been followed.] 
ADDITIONS TO THE COLLECTION OF MAPS DURING APRIL, 1902. 
AFRICA. 
Egypt. I.D.W.O. 
Sudan Survey, No. 1489: — Boma. 
Presented by the Director-General of Mobilization and Military Intelligence . 
ASIA. 
India. Survey of India Office, Calcutta. 
Indian Atlas, quarter-sheets 49, 51, 86, 
Lower Provinces Revenue Survey, district Monghyr. 
,, ,, ,, ,, district Purnea. 
Bengal Survey, i inch to a mile, sheet 164. 
Burma Survey, i inch to a mile, sheets 72, 113, 147, 149, 353. 
Upper Burma Survey, r inch to a mile, sheets 294, 385. 
Central India and Rajputana Survey, i inch to a mile, sheets 144, 168, 211, 235, 
41S, 466. 
Hyderabad Survey, i inch to a mile, sheet 2x0. 
Sind Survey, i inch to a mile, sheets 12, 31. 
Punjab Survey, i inch to a mile, sheets 81, 82. 
India, showing railways with stations, 1899. 
Index to the Standard Sheets of the Punjab. 
Chart of Tri angulation, 1901. 
CHARTS AND PLANS. 
Published by the Hydrographic Department, Admiralty, during January and February , 1 702 ; 
j. D. Potter, Agent, 145, Minories, London, E.C. 
A fo. New Charts. 
3164 England, west coast ; Morecambe bay :■ — Barrow harbour. 
109 England, east coast: — Entrance to the river Humber. (Plans: — Kingston ttpon-Hulh 
Grimsby road. ) 
3165 Ireland, west coast Bantry and Glengariff harbours. 
3217 North America. Newfoundland, east coast : — Pilley island harbour. 
3167 Cuba, north coast Puerto Padre. 
1324 South America, east coast : — Buenos Aires to cape Dos Bahias. 
3x62 British Columbia. Discovery passage. 
3178 British Columbia. Plans in Discovery passage: — Gowlland harbour. Otter cove. Elk 
and Duncan bays. 
3251 Aleutian islands : — Dutch and Iliuliuk harbours. 
3180 Gulf of Aden and Red Sea : — Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb and approaches. 
3254 Australia, north coast : — Norman river entrance. 
3179 Australia, south coast. : — Plans on the south coast of Australia: — Starvation boat harbour. 
3189 Australia, south coast : — Cape Le Grande to Cape Pasley. 
1719 Italy, west coast. New plans : — Giannutri isle. Gergoua island. Pianosa island. 
91 1 Plans of anchorages between Borneo and New Guinea. Plans added: — Wei Pelau and 
Awa anchorages. 
979 Pacific islands : — Between 160 E, and 150 W. long. New plan : — Pleasant island. Plan 
added : — Ocean island. 
Charts that have received additions or corrections too large to be conveniently inserted by hand , and 
in most cases other titan those referred to in the Admiralty Notices to Mariners, 
No. 
No. 
1188 The World: — Coal aad telegraph 
chart. 
2253 England, south coast Dartmouth 
harbour. 
26S2 Bristol channel : — Nash point to New 
passage. 
122 Netherlands : — Mouths of the Maas. 
2322 Netherlands :— Zuider Zee. 
1971 Norway : — Approaches to Trondjem, 
863 Labrador : Hudson bay and strait. 
2806 United States, east coast : Charlestown 
harbour. 
472 Haiti, or San Domingo : — Harbours 
and anchorages on the coast of. 
2259 Colombia : — Savanilla harbour. 
1319 Chile: — Conception bay. 
22 Persian gulf : — Kuweit harbour. 
2757 Banka strait to Singapore. 
942(5 Eastern archipelago, eastern portion. 
1602 China, north-east coast : — Approaches 
to the Yang tse Kiang. 
1601 China, north-east coast : — W usung 
river. 
857 China, north coast : — Kyau chau bay. 
358 Japan : — West coast of Kiusiu and 
Nipon. 
1055 Australia, west coast :— Bedout island 
to Cape Cuvier. 
2731 Australia, south coast Geelong har- 
bour. 
16702 Australia, east coast : — Moreton bay, 
sheet 1. 
2766 New Guinea, north-east coast. 
979 Pacific islands between 160 E. and 
150 W. longitude ; — Plan of Maua- 
hiki on this sheet. 
♦ 
100.000 arpents de terre (about 100,000 acres) 1, 000,000 fcs. and exemption from all taxes, 
which may be said to be the beginning of bounties. The beginning was slow, and general 
peace caused a heavy decline in prices. In 1S29 France contained 100 factories producing 
only 5,000 tons of sugar, — about a fortnight’s production for a single big factory to-day. At 
this time France was going ahead of Germany, neither country receiving any bounties. In 
1S36 France had 436 factories making 49,000 tons of sugar, at which time a consumption 
duty of 15 fcs. per 100 kilos, was put on with disastrous consequences, no less than 166 
factories coming to grief. This is somewhat remarkable in view of the fact that the duty is 
now 64 fcs. instead of 1 5 fcs. 
Coming to more recent times we may fix the date of the bounty war as having its origin 
about 1S71, after the Franco-Frussian war, when Germany began to make real industrial 
progress. In 1S70 France manufactured 290,000 tons of sugar against Germany 186,000 
tons. To-day Germany produces 2,300,000 tons against 1,150,000 tons made in France. 
What brought about this marvellous result in Germany? Most people will reply, “ Bounties,” 
but this is only partially true. A bounty on production existed in 1S70, and the intention of 
the German Government was to diminish it until it was completely extinguished ; she showed 
her good faith by reducing it, as we shall see later. 
The real reasons of the remarkable success of Germany may be traced to the magnificent 
soil of the Elbe Valley, similar to the very best soils in France ; the establishment of large 
factories, the use of diffusion instead of presses, selection of roots for quality, great care iu 
cultivation and bringing in the roots, use of manures, great care and scientific study in manu- 
facture, and cheapness of field labour. These are the reasons which caused Germany to 
advance from 200,000 tons in 1S70 to 1,123,000 tons in 1883-5, whilst France had 
gone from 296,600 tons to 400,000 tons in 18S3-4, and dropped in 1SS4-5 to 
272.000 tons. (Germany was then producing a root which gave 1078 per cent, of sugar 
against about 6 per cent, in France.) 
A heavy fall in prices from 16s. to 10s. caused a crisis in the year 1SS4-5, and 
France cried out that she was being ruined and must have bounties like the Germans, where- 
upon the law of 1SS4 was passed and framed in such a way that the manufacturer had great 
advantages in producing a rich root, the “prise en charge” being fixed at 6 per cent, on 
refined sugar, rising later to 775 per cent., at which it now stands. The quality quickly 
began to catch up to the German standard, and manufacturers who vowed that in French 
soil a root giving more than 7 per cent, sugar could not be raised, to-day find 12 per cent, to 
13 per cent, of raw sugar in their roots against about 14 per cent, in Germany. The 
Germans did not reply to this law in any way, but on the contrary, in pursuance of their 
original policy they reduced their bounties, which in 1887 were valued at 4 marks 90 per 100 
kilos, of exported sugar, to 2 marks 12, which remained in force until 1892, when she ceased to 
give “ primes a la production ” and replaced them by a very moderate direct premium on 
exportation of 1 mark 25 per 100 kilos., which was to be further lowered in 1S95. Ere this 
date, however, the effect of bounties in forcing the production regardless of consumption was 
making itself felt, and another crisis came in 1895, when the price of sugar fell to 8s. 6d. for 
raw sugar f.o.b. Hamburg — a price hitherto undreamt of. 
The voice of the powerful agrarian party in Germany made itself heard, and after 
maintaining the law of 1S94 for another year they doubled their direct bounty on raw sugar, 
making it 2 marks 50 from the 1st August, 1S96. France took this action as a challenge, and 
the double bounty was referred to in the newspapers and afterwards in the Chamber as 
44 Prime de guerre” by means of which Germany was to beat France out of the English 
market. The first demands of France were, however, very moderate, all they proposed to 
ask their Government for was a transference of 2 fcs. of the indirect bounty voted by the law 
of 188410 a direct 4 Prime a rexportation.” The bolder spirits said “Ask and ye shall 
receive,” and instead of 2 fcs. they asked for 4 fcs. direct increase. After a bitter fight 
Messrs. Meline and Ribot succeeded in passing the law of April, 1S97, This law did more 
than anything else to precipitate the present crisis, the last straw towards which was the 
formation of the German Cartel or Trust a year ago. The crisis would have arrived sooner 
had not the Cuban war in 1S95 interfered with the production in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the 
Philippines. 
The Convention signed at the Brussels Conference on March 5 abolishes all bounties 
direct and indirect from the 1st September, 1903, and reduces to a uniform rate of 6 fcs. per 
100 kilos, the high protective tariffs which alone in Germany and Austria make the formation 
of Cartels or Trusts possible. The effect of the bounties has been to increase production and 
reduce the consumption in the producing countries, and, as many men here have seen for a 
long time, the only cure is to withdraw the bounties and increase the consumption at home. 
NEW BOOKS, etc. 
Abel IIeywood and Son. (Manchester, 1900.) The Making of the British Colonics . 
A short account of the Origin and Growth of the Principal Colonies of Great Britain. 
By the AUTHOR of The Making of Europe , (Nemo). Svo., pp. xi. + 167. This 
book is designed as a text-book for schools, and contains a series of sketches, 
written in a terse and graphic style, giving an account of the origin and growth of the 
principal British Colonies, and some idea of their future development. A correct 
knowledge of the various portions of the British Empire is most essential at the present 
time, especially to the younger generation in England, many of w'hom may become 
settlers in the colonies, and should make themselves intimately acquainted with the 
prospects and capabilities of these new lands. This information will be found in a 
condensed and readable form in this volume, which will also be of interest to general 
readers. 
THE SUGAR BOUNTIES. 
At a recent meeting of the British Chamber of Commerce in Paris, Mr. H. Millington- 
Drake read an interesting paper on the 44 Rise and Fall of the Sugar Bounties.” In the 
course of his remarks he said that, possibly, the simplest definition of a bounty is 44 Money 
taken from the mass of the taxpayers and handed over to a small number of individuals or 
societies who have had eloquence or interest enough to persuade the Government that they 
should have it.” F’or several years past in F’rance, for every bag of sugar (of 100 kilos.) 
exported the maker has received on an average about 10 fcs., which has had to come from 
the pocket of the taxpayer, with the consequence that the consumer here pays dearer for his 
sugar than in any other country in the world. In France the tax on sugar is 64 fcs. per 100 
kilos., or over 200 per cent., and as Mr. Yves Guyot has said: 44 Si le consummates 
fran£ais ne se revoke pas contre la surcharge qui le frappe, e’est parce qu’il ne s’en rend pas 
compte.” Between 1884-1900 the sum of 764 j 000 )°oo fcs. has been paid to French manu- 
facturers, which it has been estimated represents over 100 per cent, more than the value of 
the factories themselves. 
The history of bounties would take us back to 1648, but as at that time they only 
concerned cane sugar they may be ignored for the present. It was not until 1747 that a 
German chemist discovered that many roots contained sugar, especially the beet-root, A 
factory was started in 1S01 to exploit this discovery near Breslau, and shortly afterwards two 
factories were established in F rance, but the expenses of extraction were great and they met 
with little success as a commercial venture. The English blockade of European ports in 1810 
which prevented West Indian sugar entering France, caused Napoleon to turn his attention to 
beet-roots, hoping to raise sufficient to meet the needs of sugar consumption in France, and 
in 1812 the French Government placed at the disposition of the Minister of Agriculture 
gi-se/ 71 
f 
A. W. Bayly & Co. (Lourenco Marques.) The Delagoa Directory for IQ02. A Year- 
Book of Local Information regarding the Port and Town of Lourenpo Marques, Fourth 
issue. Svo., pp. 100. (Price, 2s. 6d.) This Year-Book contains useful data and 
information concerning Lourenco Marques, the port of Delagoa Bay, which has been 
termed the finest harbour in South Africa. The development of Lourenco Marques has 
been greatly retarded by the apathy of the Portuguese, who are slow to introduce many 
much-needed improvements, and also by the reputation the place has acquired for 
unhealthiness, owing to the swamp-land in its vicinity. This swamp is now being 
rapidly filled up, and the sanitation is better attended to. The town and suburbs are 
well lighted by electricity and the water supply is fairly satisfactory. The harbour 
works have been commenced, and a system of electrical tramways has been arranged for, 
to be completed within 22 months. The population is about 6,000, of whom about 
3,000 are Europeans. As Lourenco Marques is the natural outlet for the produce of 
the Transvaal, it is likely in the near future to become of great commercial importance. 
The Directory should prove valuable to business men and manufacturers who may desire 
to open up commercial relations with Delagoa. 
Edward Lloyd, Ltd. (London.) The Municipal Year-Book oj the United Kingdom for 
1 go 2. Edited by Robert Donald, Editor of The Municipal Journal , and The London 
Manual.' 8vo., pp. xxxiv. + 57S. (Price, 3s, 6d.) This work contains useful 
information and statistics relating to the various Boroughs of the United Kingdom, 
arranged in a concise form for reference, together with lists of the Members of the 
Councils and chief officials. The Urban and Rural District Councils are also given, and 
the work of municipal bodies with regard to telephones, water and gas supply, electricity, 
tramways, and the housing of the working classes, is also fully recorded. Last year 
showed a considerable increase and development in municipal work. There was a great 
extension of tramway enterprise, and much activity was displayed in municipal housing. 
The new Act which enables municipal authorities to build outside their own boundaries 
