Vol. VIII. No. 89. 
IMPERIAL INSTITUTE JOURNAL. 
13/ 
[May, 1902.] 
purpose of protecting or advancing the interests of the union. 
On the other hand, having regard to the case of Quin v. 
Leatham, it would be actionable if done directly for the purpose 
of injuring the plaintiff. Applying this principle to the present 
case, it seemed that the union secretary’s object was to punish 
the plaintiff for not repaying the money he had misappropriated. 
If Williams did this within the limits of his authority as 
secretary, there would be judgment for the plaintiff against the 
union and the two other defendants. But the question was 
whether Williams was acting within the limits of his authority. 
If he committed a tort in doing something not within his 
authority at all, even though he purported to be acting for the 
union, his act could not be deemed to be an act by the members 
of the union. After considering the rules of the union, he (the 
judge) held that Williams had done something outside the 
limits of his authority, and therefore the union was not liable. 
There would, therefore, be judgment against Williams, and 
for the union and the defendant Toomey. 
Shipping. —The frequent question of when a ship has 
arrived in a port arose in the case of Modesto Piniero Sc Co. 
v. Dupre & Co. The plaintiffs were the owners of the s.s. San 
Salvador and let her to the defendants by a charter-party dated 
November 3, 1900, to proceed to Santander to a loading-place 
as ordered, and there load a cargo of iron ore and proceed to 
Maryport and there unload. The San Salvador arrived at 
Santander on November 18, 1900, and was ordered by the 
defendants to the new tip, five miles up, where she did not 
arrive until December 6, 1900. The plaintiffs brought this 
action for demurrage, claiming that the lay-days began on 
November 18, 1900. The defendants, on the other hand, 
contended that the lay-days did not begin until December 7, 
1900, when the ship was ready at the loading-place to which she 
was ordered by them. Mr. justice Kennedy gave judgment for 
the defendants, and said that in his opinion the ship was not an 
arrived ship until she reached the loading-place to which she 
was ordered in the port of Santander. The charter-party did 
not order her to go to Santander only, but to a loading-place as 
ordered in that port. 
Railways and Traders. —An important decision was given 
by the Court of Appeal on s. 76 of the Railways Clauses Act, 
1845, in the case of This Lancashire Brick and Terra- 
cotta Company (Baxenden), Ltd., v. The Lancashire 
and Yorkshire Railway Company. That section provides 
that owners of land adjoining railways and any other persons 
may lay down collateral branches to communicate with railways, 
and obliges the railway companies at the expense of such 
persons to make openings in their rails to effect such communi- 
cation, but such openings need not be made where the)' would 
interfere with any specific purpose of the company, nor on any 
inclined plane or bridge, nor in any tunnel. A later section, 
s. 92, allows anyone to use the lines with properly constructed 
engines and carriages. The applicants, the Lancashire Brick, 
etc., Company, carried on business near Baxendcn station and 
had an agreement made in 1894 with the railway company 
which provided for the laying down of sidings by the railway 
company. This agreement contained a clause limiting the 
right of user of the sidings to the applicants. Afterwards the 
applicants let part of their Sand to a chemical manufacturer, who 
used the sidings for his traffic. The railway company then gave 
notice determining the agreement, and removed the connections. 
The applicants then applied to the Railway Commissioners 
(Mr. Justice Wright, Sir F. Peel and Lord Cohham), under s. 76 
of the Railway Clauses Act, 1845, f° r an order upon the railway 
company to make a connection and sidings and afford reasonable 
facilities for traffic. The Railway Commissioners gave judgment 
in favour of the applicants. The railway company then appealed 
to the Court of Appeal, and contended that s. 76 had no real 
operation now because it was impossible for persons other than 
themselves to use the line. They also argued that a gradient 
of 1 in 98 where the connection was asked for, constituted an 
" inclined plane " within the meaning of s. 76. The Court of 
Appeal reversed the decision of the Railway Commissioners, 
and the Master of the Rolls said that the applicants had not 
the right claimed ; s. 76 was passed when a railway was con- 
sidered to be a form of highway. 
BRITISH CONSULAR REPORTS. 
Holland (Amsterdam). — The Consular report on the trade 
and navigation of the port of Amsterdam for the year 1901, states 
that business, on the whole, has been less profitable and satis- 
factory than in 1900. The shadow of the war in South Africa 
has hung over all minds, and there has been a general disinclina- 
tion to engage in large operations. Moreover, the increasing 
tendency of all trades towards co-operation and syndication 
has not encouraged individual enterprise, and the whole 
course of commerce and industry there, as elsewhere, is 
gradually adopting new channels. The labouring classes were, 
on the whole, much less restless than in the previous year, 
and there have been but few strikes of any importance. Up to 
the commencement of the winter there was no great complaint 
of want of employment, but for some weeks before the close 
of the year there has been an increase in the number of the 
unemployed, and the outlook at present is not entirely satis- 
factory. On the other hand, there has been hitherto no 
exceptional distress, and employment in many branches of 
industry has been well sustained. 
Shipping, in common with this branch of trade in all other 
countries, lias suffered from a severe reaction in the course of the 
past year, and is still in a very depressed state. Dear coal and 
greatly reduced freights have brought profits down to a minimum 
for the most favoured lines, while many vessels, especially 
those of the adventuring class, are being run at a loss. There 
is a great scarcity of goods for transport, and the very large 
steamers which have been constructed of late find a difficulty in 
filling up with cargo, and this naturally leads to great depression 
in rates of freight. The Baltic timber trade, in which many 
Dutch vessels find employment, has especially suffered in this 
respect, and a diminution of in some instances 30 to 40 per 
cent, in rates has not been uncommon. Nor are the prospects 
for the ensuing year at present by any means encouraging, 
though the cost of coal has fallen already to a normal figure, 
good coal being now obtainable at 16s. 6d. to 17s. free in bunkers. 
As regards the shipbuilding and generally the iron manufacturing 
industries of this country, the past year was busy and fairly 
prosperous. Several steamers were built in this country for the 
Netherland commercial fleet, and a still larger number are under 
construction, while considerable orders have been entrusted to 
British builders. In the iron industry the demand foi* machinery 
from several quarters has been increasing, and the prospects for 
the present year are encouraging in many respects. The con- 
struction of electrical machinery of all sorts, and that of electrical 
rail and tramways, and of the required rolling-stock, will give a 
new spur to this branch of industry. Existing horse tramways 
are being rapidly converted into electrically worked lines, and 
the necessary buildings and machinery for the supply of this 
motive-power are being pushed forward in many places. Auto- 
mobiles, propelled by electric-power, steam, or petroleum, have 
not as yet been introduced into the Netherlands to so considera- 
ble an extent as in neighbouring countries, but there is a 
gradually increasing demand. 
Portugal (Lisbon). — Wine Trade.— The latest report 
issued by the Foreign Office from the British Attache at Lisbon 
states that the wine trade in Portugal is passing through a period 
of serious depression, owing to the super-abundant production 
and the large stocks of wine that cannot be placed on the market. 
Although many enquiries are received about various classes of 
cheap light wines suitable for ordinary use in England, little 
progress has been made in bringing them to the knowledge of 
the public. To place a new class of wine on the market requires 
considerable enterprise, and might be undertaken by well-known 
firms who can supply their regular customers with samples for 
trial. If this were done, and the prejudice against unknown 
articles of consumption were overcome, there can be no doubt 
that these light wines would have a ready sale in England. The 
manufacture of good cheap wine in Portugal has only been 
seriously undertaken during the last few years, so that it is quite 
natural that it should be still unknown outside the country. 
Portugal is admirably suited to the growth of vines, so the produc- 
tion of wine is always out of all proportion to the demand. L : p 
to 1886, the Portuguese wines, with the exception of port wine 
and Madeira, were only used to supply the requirements of the 
country and for export to the Portuguese colonies, Brazil, and 
to the French wine factories. The wine was manufactured of 
the finest grapes, but mixed with inferior potato alcohol, without 
technical knowledge, without proper apparatus or cellars for 
storage, and under the necessity of immediate sale in order to 
pay the expenses of the vintage. 1 1 was natural that there was 
no demand among consumers in Europe for this class of wine. 
Of recent years, however, the production of good sound wine 
of the nature of claret and hock is rapidly increasing, and now 
that care is taken in its manufacture, the flavour and quality are 
excellent, and the wine is in many ways superior to other wines 
to be obtained at the price. The increase in this trade is much 
to be wished for by both countries, as it would supply an article 
of necessity in the United Kingdom to the benefit of the con- 
sumer and merchants, and would encourage a new and important 
trade between the two countries which would create a favourable 
influence on general business relations. The total annual expor- 
tation of port wine has declined during the last six years, but 
still amounts to 275,314 hectolitres, valued at 5,739 contos of 
reis (,£889,500). 
In spite of Lhe rivalry among wine-producing countries, the 
prospects of the port wine trade in the United Kingdom are as 
good as ever. Although habits have changed as regards wine 
drinking, the taste for port wine has spread through all classes 
of the population, and instead of only being drunk by well-to-do 
people, there is now a large sale of port wine at bars and restaur- 
ants. Although it is feared that much of this cheap port wine 
does not come from Oporto, this new class of consumer will 
largely compensate the port wine trade for any loss of former 
customers, and while the choicest wines can be reserved for good 
cellars, the cheaper quality will meet with an increasing demand. 
The port wine trade luxs been such a valuable support to British 
industry in Portugal during the last century that it would be a 
serious loss to British trade in general if the wine should decline 
in popular favour. The Madeira wine trade does not show any 
great fluctuations, and has somewhat increased of late years. 
The output is limited, and the trade can never be very important. 
The United Kingdom, Russia, France, and Germany are the 
best customers. The numberless foreign wines of the same 
description as Madeira tend to reduce the prices, but the best 
qualities still command high prices, and are as much in demand 
as ever. 
United States (Charleston). — In a recent report on the 
trade of Charleston and district for the year 1901, it is stated 
that probably no portion of this country has attracted wider 
attention or the investment of more outside capital, during the 
past year, than has that section south of the Pennsylvania line 
and east of the Ohio and Rio Grande rivers. The development 
there of its mineral resources has been large, with greatly 
increased operations in prospect for the future, and it is difficult 
for one not in touch with the business to form a just idea of 
what has actually been done last season or is now in course of 
preparation. No State in the Union is more favoured by nature 
in the extent and diversity of its mineral products than is West 
Virginia. Her coal deposits embrace all grades of bituminous, 
coking, steam and gas coal of the best qualities. West Virginia 
contains more of the Appalachian coalfield than any other 
Southern State. The total area comprises about 16,000 square 
miles, more than 80 per cent, of the total bituminous areas of 
Ohio and Pennsylvania combined, 60 per cent, more than 
Pennsylvania alone, and 2,000 square miles more than 
Tennessee and Kentucky combined, the section underlaid by 
coal being about two-thirds of the area of the State. The total 
product of the Virginia mines was about 25,000,000 tons last 
year, compared with 22,647,207 tons in the previous year. After 
West Virginia the greatest coal State in the South is Alabama, 
the output of which for 1901 is estimated by the coal inspector 
to be 10,000,000 tons net, as compared with 8,400,000 tons 
during the previous year. The Alabama coal business is divided 
into three distinct branches, namely, the production of coal for 
coke-making and industrial use at or near the point of pro- 
duction ; the supply of coal for locomotive use throughout the 
country; and also the supply of coal for domestic use and 
steam-making purposes in communities that are situated near 
the mines. 
The production of coal in the State of Tennessee has 
increased front 2,092,064 short tons in 1892 to 4,200,000 tons in 
1901, a considerable portion of the product having been mined by 
convict labour in mines owned and worked by the State. In 
the mining districts many new enterprises are being developed 
and much new work, it is expected, will be done next year. 
Coal-mining in North Georgia has been carried on to a limited 
extent, comparatively speaking, for a number of years, princi- 
pally by convict labour, the convicts being hired from the State ; 
the Georgia output is very generally used for domestic and 
steam-making purposes, for which it is well adapted, but high 
railway rates have restricted its distribution to a limited extent 
of territory ; experiments are, however, being made at Savannah 
by the New York coast steamers, with the view of ascertaining 
if Georgia coal cannot be profitably used for bunker purposes 
by ships from the first-named port. No exact figures have yet 
been obtainable as to the output of coal in either Georgia or 
North Carolina during the past year ; the quantity, however, is 
somewhat limited in character in both States. Kentucky is a 
large coal producer, the tonnage having increased from 
3,025,313 tons in 1892 to 5,000,000 tons in 1901. Maryland’s 
product is about the same as the State of Kentucky, her output 
having increased from 3,419,962 tons in 1890 to 5,000,000 tons 
in 1901. Arkansas is also coming forw ard as a coal State ; her 
product in 1901 was 1,447,945 tons, while the estimate for last 
year is 1,750,000 tons. An interesting feature of last year’s 
reports has been the growth of the coal-mining industry as a 
consequence of railway extensions in West Virginia, Kentucky, 
Tennessee and Arkansas, and also of canal work done and 
improved terminal facilities at Mobile, Pensacola, New Orleans, 
Savannah, Newport News, and Norfolk, 
FOREIGN CONSULAR REPORTS. 
Commerce of Mexico. — The City of Mexico is the capital 
of the country and the commercial centre ; being the railroad 
centre, it is the distributing point for the rest of the Republic ; 
being the banking centre, the bulk of the financial transactions 
of the Republic pass through it. Much of the agricultural and 
mining business, and some of the manufacturing business of 
the rest of the Republic, are directed from this city. The most 
important single line of trade, and that which shows the largest 
amount of imports, is in machinery and machinery supplies. 
This is practically controlled by Americans. The hardware 
trade, which is a good one, is largely in the hands of Germans, 
though in the past few years American hardware has been 
making deep inroads into the German imports in this line. 
While the large hardware stores are run by Germans, all of 
them now carry large lines of American hardware. The dry- 
goods trade, which is next in importance after the machinery 
trade, was controlled early in the last century by the English 
and later by the Germans, but it is now controlled by the 
French. The grocery trade is controlled by Spaniards, and 
their monopoly of this line is almost absolute. There appears 
to be no large field for imports of American groceries in Mexico, 
the demand being mostly from resident American and a few 
Mexicans who have lived for some time in the United States. 
The figures for the year ending Tune 30, 1901, show a very 
unsatisfactory year's business for Mexico. Imports increased 
over the preceding fiscal year $3,765,275, or 5*8 per cent,, while 
the total exports show a slight falling off. A glance at the 
export figures, however, shows a decline of $7,395,186 in 
vegetable substances, and an increase of $7,047,419 in mineral 
substances. Most of this increase is due to the exportation of 
gold and silver bullion, which is a net loss to the nation’s 
resources. Thus the actual decrease in exports amounts to 
nearly $14,000,000. Encouragement is to be found in the 
falling off of certain imports, such as dry-goods, indicating an 
enlarged home supply. While imports from the United States 
show a large increase, those from almost every other country 
exporting to Mexico — except Germany- — show a large decline. 
Imports from the United States gained $4,138,838, or n'S per 
cent., while the total increase in imports amounted to only 
$3,765,375, or 5 '8 percent. In other words, while Lhe imports 
from the United States show an increase of $4,138,838, the 
imports from the rest of the world show a decrease of $373,562. 
Imports from the United States amounted to 54^3 per cent, of 
the total imports, as compared with 50*6 per cent, in the 
preceding year. 
Imports from Great Britain 
show a decrease of $558,565, or 5’3 percent., from the preceding 
fiscal year. It is known that the greatest falling off in any one 
line is in dry goods, particularly cotton textiles. The value of 
cotton textiles imported from Great Britain during the year max’ 
be roughly estimated at $1,200,000, as compared with 
$2,100,000 during the preceding year, a decrease of nearly one- 
half. Importations of railway iron and steel for the last fiscal 
year amounted to about one-third of those during the preceding 
year, or, roughly, about $188,000 as compared with $585,000. 
importations of galvanized fell from about $490,000 in the fiscal 
year 1899-1900 to about $290,000 in the fiscal year 1900-1901. 
importations of linen textiles fell from some $190,000 in the fiscal 
year 1899-1900 to $135,000 during the fiscal year 1900-1901. In 
cotton textiles a remarkable falling off is noted in prints and 
bleached cottons. The decrease in importations of cotton and 
linen textiles from Great Britain during the past few vears is due 
in great part to the rise of native cotton and linen manufacturing 
industries. 
The East Indian Papaya. — The papaya tree flourishes all 
over tropical India, from Delhi to Ceylon. Its fruit is greatly 
prized by both European and native, as well for its edible as 
tor its medicinal qualities. Botanically, it is of the passion 
flower family, and is termed Carica papaya. The tree grows 
very quickly, and bears fruit within a year from first putting 
down the seed. It bears fruit all the year round, and in great 
numbers. It seems to thrive best in a hot, moist climate. 
The fruit, when ripe, attains to the size of a small melon, 
which it somewhat resembles. While growing, it has a deep 
green colour, which, on ripening, turns to a dull orange. The 
interior is soft, yellowish, and sweet, and contains numerous 
small black seeds, arranged in five longitudinal lines along the 
centre cavity. They have a pleasant, pungent taste, and are 
not unlike mustard seed. The ripe fruit has a flavour peculiar 
to itself. It is eaten by all classes, and is considered whole- 
some. In the West Indies it is sometimes boiled and eaten 
as a vegetable. In India, when green, it is cooked by the 
natives in their curries, and is also pickled. It is usually, 
however, eaten raw, when ripe, with salt, and is ranked among 
the finest of eastern fruits. 
Chemical and Medicinal Qualities. 
The properties of the tree to which particular attention is 
drawn are its remarkable chemical and medicinal qualities. 
Many of them are known to the profession in America, but they 
are more especially known to the native Hindoo, who, in his 
unique village life, has extracted from the vegetable kingdom 
many of its valuable secrets. 
The Juice, 
The fruit, particularly in the early stages, secretes a white, 
milky, viscid juice, of the consistency of cream, which has the 
extraordinary property of hastening the decay of muscular fibre 
exposed to its influence. It has an energetic action upon 
nitrogenous substances, and, like pepsin, will curdle milk. It 
is more efficacious than pepsin in dissolving albumen. 
Papain. 
The active principle has been separated and given the 
name of papain, and is used for medical purposes. This active 
principle, so analogous to pepsin in its physiological properties, 
may be obtained by adding alcohol to the juice of the unripe 
fruit, which, causes a precipitate, which, when dried and 
powdered, is ready for use, and called papain. The whole tree 
abounds in this juice, which is remarkable as containing fibrine, 
a principle otherwise found only in the animal kingdom. The 
celebrated chemist Vanqueline compares this creamy juice to 
blood deprived of its colouring matter. The resemblance 
between this juice and blood is indeed striking. In its 
peptonizing power it is superior to ordinary animal pepsin, 
having the peculiar additional advantage of not requiring the 
aid of an acid nor an alkali to convert the contents of the stomach 
into peptone. 
Chemical Properties. 
Tough or fresh meat of any kind dipped in water contain- 
ing a few’ drops of the juice, or boiled in water impregnated 
with the juice, will become in a few minutes quite tender. A 
simple waj' to prepare meat is to wrap it in the leaves of the 
papaya and then roast it. In a tropical climate like India meat 
requires to be cooked quickly, in order to prevent rapid decompo- 
sition, and consequently is usually found tough. 
Cosmetic. 
The juice is used as a cosmetic to destroy freckles on the 
skip caused by the sun’s beat, and to remove ink stains from the 
hands. The fruit and juice have several other medical proper- 
ties that have long been recognised by the Hindoo pundit, and 
lately have been receiving the attention of chemists and the 
medical profession. — United States Consular Report. 
j i 
