Vol. VIII. No. 90. 
IMPERIAL INSTITUTE JOURNAL. 
[June, 1902.] 159 
consumption ; while eanc, which then supplied 95 per cent, of the world’s sugar consumption, 
now supplies but 33 per cent. Stated in quantities, it may be said that the world’s cane-sugar 
supply has grown from 1,100,000 tons in 1S40 to 2,850,000 tons in 1900, an increase of 
160 per cent; while that of beets has grown from 50,000 tons in 1840 to 5,950,000 tons in 
1900, an increase of ii,Soo per cent. 
The figures above quoted include that portion which enters into the world’s statistical 
record of sugar production, and does not include the large qunatities of cane sugar produced 
in India and China for home consumption, and in a considerable number of the tropical coun- 
tries does not include that portion of the sugar consumed at home .Even if these figures of cane- 
sugar production for home consumption were obtainable, the production from beets would 
still show a more rapid growth, during the last half-century, than that from cane. This is, 
apparently, due to two great causes : — (1) the elimination of slavery in the tropics, the seat 
of the principal sugar production ; and (2) the intelligent study of, and Government aid to, 
the production of beet sugar in the temperate zone, especially in European countries. 
One effect of this enormous increase and the competition which has accompanied the 
developments above alluded to has been a great reduction in prices to the consumer. The figures 
of the Bureau of Statistics, obtained from statements supplied by importers of the cost in 
foreign countries of the sugar which they import, show that the average cost of the sugar 
which they imported into the United States in 1871-2 was 5*37 cents per pound, and in the 
year 1S99-1900, 2'49 cents per pound. 
The sugar production of France has grown from 23,000 metric tons in the sugar year 
1839-40 to 805,000 tons in 1899-1900 ; that of Germany, from 12,659 metric tons in 1839-40 
to 1,875,000 tons in 1900-01 ; Austria Hungary, from 25,000 metric Lons in 1853-54, the 
earliest possible date from which figures are obtainable, to 1,1 20,000 tons in 1S99-1900 ; 
Russia, from 19,000 metric tons in 1853-54 to 900,000 tons in 1899-1900 ; Belgium, from 
12,000 metric tons in that year to 300,000 tons in 1899-1900 ; Holland, from 1,000 metric 
tons in 1S60-61 to 180,000 in 1899-1900. Turning to the cane-sugar-producing areas, 
in which the statistics are not available for so long a period, it is found that the exports 
from the Philippine Islands increased from 23,416 metric tons in 1849 to 233,000 metric tons 
in 1896. From Cuba the exports in rS6o were 537 j 49! tons, and in 1894 968,750; in 
Hawaii the production has grown from 11,200 tons in 1875 t° 243,470 tons m 1899. Java 
produced in 1884 338,856 tons, and in 1901,765,000 tons; and Brazil, which in 1884 
produced 68,335 tons, produced in 1901, 215,000 tons. 
The table which follows shows the world’s production of sugar from cane and beets, 
respectively, at decennial years from 1840 to 1900, and the percentage supplied by beets : — 
Year. 
Cane Sugar. 
Beet Sugar. 
Supplied by Beet. 
Tons, 
Tons. 
Per Cent. 
1840 . 
1,100,000 
50,000 
4'35 
1850 . 
1 , 200,000 
200,000 
389,000 
14*29 
i860 . 
1,510,000 
1,585,000 
20*43 
1S70 . 
831,000 
34 ' 4 ° 
1 880 . 
1,852,000 
2,069,000 
1,402,000 
43*08 
1890 . 
3,633,000 
63*70 
19OO . 
2,850,000 
5,950,000 
67*71 
MINERAL RESOURCES OF YUNNAN. 
It has long been known that the Chinese Empire contained numerous deposits of coal, 
but only very recently lias Yunnan been counted among the districts provided with coal 
resources. The district comprised approximately between the Red River of the south, the 
meridian of Haiphong on the east, and the Blue River, is destined to become one of the 
most interesting mineral countries of the globe. It has an almost uniform geological con- 
formation, and most of the beds have been worked by the Chinese. Its chief mineral 
wealth, besides coal, consists of copper and tin. Extensive deposits of mercury have also 
been found. The mines of Hong-1 Iai contain coal beds of very remarkable thickness 
regularity, and the product is relatively pure so far as ashes are concerned ; but, unfortunately, 
this fuel is very brittle, takes a long time to light, and crackles under fire ; it gives an 
excessive proportion of fine coal, which can only be changed into briquettes by mixing it 
with Japanese coal. The copper mines of Yunnan have been worked for more than a 
thousand years. In the mining regions the forests have entirely disappeared, wood charcoal 
being the only fuel employed for the needs of ancient metallurgy. According to the Bulletin 
de Geographic Commerciale, the production in the 12th century reached 6,000 tons of 
copper ; the output is now limited to about 1,500 tons, on account of the scarcity of fuel. 
The ore from the accessible parts of the beds is exhausted b) the Chinese miners. The deep 
veins remain, and can only be worked by modern methods. These are so exceptional on 
account of their extent, that the country may become one of the most important centres for 
the manufacture of copper. The tin mines of the region of Mong-Tze, are actively worked 
by a mining population of about 30,000 people. These beds are of a peculiar character, 
with accumulations of red clay, filled with grains of oxide of tin, which the Chinese with 
their cheap manual labour, easily separate by washing. The tin, manufactured by w r ood 
charcoal, is much less pure than that of Malaysia. The total production is some 1,500 tons. 
About 1,000 tons are sent to Hong Kong to be refined. All the beds have been known for 
a long time, and remain legally at the disposition of the mining population. A new legal 
organisation is necessary in order to render the mines of China accessible to mining industry, 
without infringing on the rights of the people. The present management of the mines is 
based on the system of privileges and of monopoly, which is the foundation of all Mandarin 
administration. 

THE GAMBIA. 
Statistical returns recently received from the Gambia, from which the following figures 
are taken, show that the trade of the eoleny for the year 1901 was considerably less in value 
than that of the previous year. The total imports during 1901 were valued at £252,647, as 
compared with £277,659 in 1900. The value of the exports during 1901 was £233,667, 
while in 1900 they were valued at £281,976. Of the total value of the imports in 1901, 
the United Kingdom contributed £116,920, the British possessions ,£25,532, while the 
remainder, £110,194, is derived from other countries. The exports to the United Kingdom 
amounted to only £26,058, and to British possessions £2,237, -while to other countries, 
chiefly France, they amounted to £233,667. The quantity of ground-nuts exported during 
1901 W'as estimated at 25,750 tons, valued at £172,405 ; in 1900 the quantity was 35,805 
tons, valued at £221,841. Of shipping the total tonnage in 1901 was 285,071 tons, of 
which 220,098 tons were British, while in 1900 the total was 261,269 tons, °f which 
198,099 tons were British. In the Government Savings Bank the balance due to depositors 
on 31st December, 1901, was £5,019. 
NEW BOOKS, etc. 
Henry Sell. (167, Fleet Street, London, E.C.) Selfs Dictionary of the World's Pres *, 
and Advertisers' Reference Book , jgo2. By Henry Sell. 22nd Year. La. 8vo., pp. 
984. (Price, 7s. 6d.) As a complete record of the World’s Press this bulky volume 
occupies a unique position, both on account of its comprehensiveness and completeness, as 
well as for the careful classification shown in its pages. Each year witnesses a great 
expansion in the number and quantity of newspapers and periodicals published, so that 
this book has become absolutely necessary to all connected with the newspaper press. 
Exhaustive lists of all the daily and other papers issued in the United Kingdom are 
given in alphabetical order, showing the value and diversity of the organs of opinion 
and channels of printed information on current affairs throughout the country. The past 
year has produced some considerable developments, especially as regards cheapness. 
Large news sheets containing the latest information, with original articles and up-to-date 
illustrations, are now circulated in the Metropolis and conveyed by rail in lime for early 
distribution hundreds of miles away at the small cost of J,d. to the buyer. The series 
of special articles which occupies the first portion of the book, and forms its distinctive 
feature, will be read with much interest. Sir E. Russell writes on “the Outlook for 
Liberal Journalism ” from a Liberal point of view, while Mr. H. J. Palmer discusses 
the same subject from the Conservative side. In “A glance at the Comic Papers of the 
Victoria Era,” by J. Far low Wilson (illustrated), the great improvement made in the art 
of comic illustration during this period is graphically shown ; other literary topics are 
also ably dealt with in the succeeding chapters, and the “Story of fast printing” by 
Mr. John Southward, is specially worthy of notice. The numerous excellent portraits 
and illustrations make this portion of the W'ork unusually attractive, and the printing 
and illuminated cover are deserving of much commendation. As a work of reference 
this Dictionary can be well recommended to ail interested in newspapers and newspaper 
work. From the preface we learn that the total number of papers published in the 
British Isles is 2,532. London sends out 554 of these; there are 1,562 magazines and 
209 quarterlies issued. 
Macmillan & Co. Ltd. (London, 1901.) The Sherbro and its Hinterland. By T. J. 
Alldridge, F.R.C.S., District Commissioner, Sherbro, West Coast of Africa. La. 
Svo., pp. 350. With two Maps. (Price, 15s.) The author of this interesting book was 
connected in an official capacity with the district of Sherbro, a portion of the colony of 
Sierra Leone, and its Hinterland, for thirty years, and during that time had many 
opportunities of becoming intimately acquainted with the manners and customs of the 
people and their w T ays of living. lie appears to have won the goodwill and gained 
the confidence of the natives by judicious treatment, and his observations are, therefore, 
extremely valuable. Practically nothing was known of the Hinterland before M r. 
Alldridge visited it, and he appears to have been the first white man who travelled 
through this region. His book gives an account of the indigenous products of the 
country, such as the oil palm, from which palm wine is made, the bamboo palm, 
camwood tree, cotton tree, rubber, banana, pine-apple, cocoa-nut, and mangoes. The 
cultivated crops are rice (the staple food), cassada, and cotton. The native industries 
consist in the manufacture of cotton cloths and pottery. The secret societies, so numerous 
among these superstitious tribes, are well described, and also the various journeys made 
by Mr. Alldridge in the interior, during which he travelled over 6,000 miles, and 
concluded many treaties with the native chiefs which led to the establishment of the 
Protectorate. The suppression of the M endi rising in 189S, which was caused by the slave 
trade being stopped, has been followed by a great improvement in the condition of the 
country, which is now awaiting commercial development. Mr. Alldridge gives much 
praise to the usefulness of the missions in these regions, but urges that the people should be 
first approached through their daily avocations. The numerous excellent illustrations 
inserted in the volume are from photographs taken by the author, and add greatly to its 
interest. The book will be found most valuable to those desiring acquaintance with 
Sherbro and its Hinterland, or who may propose to travel through this country. 
The Clarendon Press, Oxford (1902). (London, Henry Frowde.) British Rule 
and Jurisdiction beyond the Seas. By the late Sir Henry Jenkyns, K.C.B. With a 
preface by Sir Courtenay Ilbert, K.C.S. I. 8vo., pp. xxiv 4- 300. (Price, 15s. net.) 
The completion of this valuable work was arrested by the author’s untimely death, in 
December, 1899; its revision for the press w'as undertaken by Sir C. Ilbert, who, in his 
preface, has given a short biographical sketch of Sir Henry Jenkyns, for many years 
Parliamentary Counsel to the Treasury. In his official capacity Sir H. Jenkyns drafted, 
or helped to draft, many important legislative measures, and was well acquainted with 
the nature of English legislative machinery and the actual working of the British Con- 
slituticn, This book contains a complete exposition of the constitutions and Govern- 
ment of the British possessions beyond the Sea, and the exercise of British jurisdiction 
in the Colonies, Dependencies and Protectorates, and in foreign countries. It will, no 
doubt, be referred to as the most reliable authority on the subject. The Act which 
established the Australian Commonwealth became law whilst the work was under 
revision, and it was deemed advisable to rewrite the chapter on the Self-Governing 
Colonies ; this was done by Mr. J. A. Simon. A useful Index is appended to the 
volume. 
Abel Heywood and Son. (Manchester, 1901.) The Harmony of the Empire ; being a 
series of sketches in Pictorial Geography of the British Possessions and Spheres of 
Influence. By the Author of The Making of Europe , and The Making of the 
British Colonies (Nemo.), Svo., pp. xiii + 309. This book is designed to give an 
historical and descriptive account of the numerous minor possessions and outlying 
dependencies of the British Empire, many of which are very little known, and some 
there are whose names even are but seldom mentioned. These form connecting links in 
the various trade routes, and their value and importance increase with the development 
of trade and commerce on which the prosperity of the Empire so largely depends. The 
introductory portion of the volume gives an explanation of Mercator’s projection of the 
world, and treats of sea power, trade routes, steam as a motor power, coaling stations, 
etc. In each of the six sections of the book, a group of the extra-colonial dependencies 
of Great Britain is dealt with ; the last section relates to Egypt, which is given more 
fully on account of the importance of the subject. The author has endeavoured to make 
his pages as attractive as possible, and the book will be found most interesting to young 
readers, whose ideas of the various portions of the Empire will be greatly widened and 
enlarged by studying it. The dates and notes given in the margin will be found useful 
for this purpose. 
B. T. Batsford. (London, 1902.) Antique Works of Art from Benin. Collected by 
Lieutenant-General Pitt Rivers, D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A., Inspector of Ancient 
Monuments in Great Britain, etc. 4to., pp. 100. Illustrated. (Price, 12s. 6d. net). 
This beautifully illustrated work contains representations of a large collection of 
antiquities brought from Benin after the annexation of the country to the British Crown 
in 1897, and now in the Pitt-Rivers Museum at Farnham, Dorset. After the capture 
of the city of Benin in 1897 by the punitive expedition, many hundreds of art relics in 
bronze, wood and ivory were discovered in the King’s compound and the Juju houses ; 
many of these antiques are now in the British Museum, but the late General Pitt-Rivers 
collected a large number of them, and photographic illustrations of these, printed on art 
paper, are given in this volume. The people of Benin were great makers of ornamental brass 
work during the 17th century; they appear to have learned the art from the Portuguese, 
but much of their work bears the stamp of an Arabic origin. The volume is well printed 
and the illustrations are produced in the best artistic style. The work will be found 
most interesting by archaeologists and art connoisseurs. 
John Sands. (Sydney, 1902.) Sands' Sydney , Suburban and Country Commercial 
Directory for 1902. Forty-second year of publication. La. Svo., pp. xli + 730. (Price, 
22s, 6d.) This valuable Directory is well known throughout the Australasian Colonies as 
well as in the United Kingdom, and has become indispensable to business men and 
travellers. The same arrangement of contents adopted in previous issues has been earned 
out in the present edition ; a Country Commercial Director) 7 , alphabetically arranged in 
Town order and printed in larger type, has been introduced this year. The information 
given has been brought up to date, and the work has been compiled with the same 
amount of care and attention as formerly. For quantity and conciseness of matter it will 
