Vol. VIII. No. 93 
IMPERIAL INSTITUTE JOURNAL. 
[September, 1902 .] 251 
forty-one months. The Queen is to be completed by March, 
1904, while the King Edward is to enter service in March, 1905. 
Capt. the Hon. H. Tyrwhitt has been selected for the ap- 
pointment of Private Secretary to the First Lord of the 
Admiralty, in succession to Rear-Admiral W. H. Fawkes, on 
his appointment to the command of the Cruiser Squadron in 
October next. 
f :The Medusa , cruiser, which has been refitted by the Palmer 
Shipbuilding Company, arrived at Devonport yesterday from 
Jarrow-on-Tyne. She has been fitted with Durr boilers, and 
will be placed at the disposal of the Boiler Committee for 
a series of trials. 
The deep-sea trials of Submarine No. 4, which were post- 
poned owing to a slight mishap to her gasolene engine, have 
been succcesfully concluded in the Irish Sea. She was sub- 
merged to the depth of about 10 feet, and in this position 
travelled for about six miles. Afterwards she went through 
several evolutions on the surface with great celerity. 
Submarine Ai, the latest type of British submarine boat, 
was put to severe speed tests in the Barrow Docks. The new 
vessel easily maintained a speed of about 15 knots, and it is 
expected that this will be still improved upon. Experiments 
were again made with Submarine No. 4, which has been under- 
going improvements. The trials were successful. 
Reuter's Agency states that the subsidies which have been 
mentioned at the Colonial Conference as the proposed contribu- 
tions from the Colonies to the Imperial Navy are : — Common- 
wealth of Australia, .£200,000 per annum ; Cape Colony, £50,000 
per annum ; New Zealand, £40,000 per annum ; and Natal, 
£35,000 per annum. In the case of Canada no amount has yet 
been specified. 
Some particulars of the new submarine vessels may be of 
interest. They are each of 120 tons displacement, and are 
63 ft. in length by nf in beam. Their radius of action at slow 
speed is about 40° miles, and they are capable of attaining a 
maximum speed of nine knots per hour upon the surface and a 
speed of from seven to eight knots per hour for a period of four 
hours continuously when they are submerged. They are also 
fitted with one torpedo discharging tube, which can expel 
torpedoes equally when the vessels are upon the surface, when 
their conning towers are just awash, and when their hulls are 
submerged. They are each supplied with two torpedoes 
it ft. 5 ins. in length, are fitted with gear for regulating their 
depth of submergence, and with automatic and hand-steering 
gear. Their motive power when working upon the surface is 
derived from gasoline engines of 160 horse-power, and from 
electric motors when submerged. 
Austria-Hungary. — The Militdr-Zeilung , of Vienna, 
states that the new Austrian battleship III. will be launched in 
the beginning of October, when she will receive the name of 
Babenberg. When finished she will form, with the Habsburg 
and Arpad, a division of modern vessels with the latest improve- 
ments in arms and armour. All the building material has been 
made in Austria. Her length between perpendiculars is 353 ft. ; 
beam, 65ft. ; displacement, 8,340 tons; engines 11,900 horse- 
power; speed, i 8'5 knots. She will be armed with three 9 '43-in. 
Krupp guns of 40 calibre and 1897 model, 12 5'9-in., two steel 
bronze 2 '75-in., and 26 machine guns, four of the latter being of 
rifle calibre. 
Germany. — Ueberall states that the form of the new 
German river gunboats for use in China has now been decided 
upon by the German Admiralty, and the first one ordered from 
the Schichau yards, Danzig. Her length is to be i 88'64 ft. ; 
beam, 31 *44 ft. ; draught, only 2 ft. ; displacement, 170 tons. 
Her two engines will be supplied with steam by Thornycroft 
boilers, and will work two propellers, giving her a speed of 
13 knots. Her radius of action at ten knots will be 1,000 miles. 
She will be built throughout of Siemens-Martin steel, and have 
a protection of nickel steel of 8 mm. (nearly one-third of an inch) 
round her sides, and 12 mm. (nearly half-an-inch) for her conning 
tower. She will be armed with one 3'45-in., one 1 '96-in., and 
two machine guns. She will have one signal mast, one funnel, 
and a searchlight, and will carry three boats. Her complement 
will be 53 men. 
The Cologne Gazette states that six new German torpedo- 
boats, G 108 to 113, have been building at the Germania yards, 
Kiel. One of them is now ready, and in her builder’s trials she 
has made a8'8 knots, her engines developing 6,200 horse-power. 
The new boats are intended to maintain easily a speed of 
26 knots with engines working at 5,000 horse-power. Each will 
have accommodation for 100 tons of coal, and with this be able 
to run 2,000 miles at 12 knots. The new boats differ from those 
already existing in the German navy in being twin-screwed and 
in other details of construction. They are much higher out of 
the water forward, the signal mast is abaft both funnels, and the 
bridge is in front of them. The length of each boat over all is 
215 ft. 10J in. ; between perpendiculars, 207 ft. in. ; beam, 
22 ft. ; draught, 8 ft. 10 in. : displacement, 350 tons ; comple- 
ment, 49 men ; armament, three 1 '96-in. guns and three revolving 
torpedo tubes, all on deck. 
Russia. — According to the Cro?istadt Vestnik, the torpedo- 
boats attached to the Baltic Fleet, and which are fitted at 
present with water-tube boilers heated by naphtha, are to revert 
to coal fuel, as experiments have shown that the use of coal has 
increased their speed from 19 knots to 21 knots. Some of the 
boats have been fitted already with engines to burn coal. 
United States. — Eight battleships are under construction 
for the Navy of the United States, and now the designs for two 
additional ones provided for in the current estimates have been 
approved, and excellent vessels they will be. America is now 
building armoured ships faster than any other country. The 
new vessels are to be completed in 42 months ; we take from 60 
to 72. The new ships for which tenders are now being asked 
will displace 16,000 tons, will have a speed of 18 knots, and a 
maximum coal capacity of 2,200 tons. 1 heir armament is their 
most surprising feature, apart from the large provision for fuel. 
Four 12-in. breech-loading guns will be carried in a couple of 
turrets, fore and aft, armoured with plates ranging from 8 in. to 
12 in., with a roof 2^ in. thick. At each corner of the super- 
structure will be two 8-in. breech-loaders, eight in all, carried in 
four electrically-controlled, balanced, elliptical turrets from 6 in. 
to 6£ in. in thickness. There will also be twelve 7-in. guns in 
broadside on pedestal mounts behind 7-in. armour, each gun 
isolated by splinter bulkheads. The forward and after guns on 
each side will be arranged so as to fire right ahead and right 
astern respectively. Consequently the bow fire in chasing will 
comprise two 12-in., four 8-in., and two 7-in. weapons. Each 
vessel will also carry 20 14-pr. rapid-fire weapons and 30 small 
guns. Each battleship will have nearly 4,000 tons of armour and 
945 tons of guns. It is provided that the amount of woodwork 
to be carried shall be reduced to a minimum, and all that is used 
above the protective deck is to be rendered fireproof. _ The 
interest in these details lies in a comparison with the ships of 
larger size — 16,350 tons — which .are being built in this country. 
They will have four 12-in., four 9'2 in., and ten 6-in., or six 
fewer pieces than the smaller American ships, while they will 
have apparently no advantage in armour or coal capacity. It 
will be noticed in extenuation that the British ships have 9’2-m. 
weapons in place of 8-in. at the corners of the superstructure, 
but they carry only four of these, and the American favour twice 
the number of the 8-in. calibre. 
Lieutenant Davis, of the American navy, has produced a new 
armour-plate. The inventor asserts that the tests show that it 
is superior to Krupp’s armour-plate, and it is believed that it 
will withstand the most effective armour-piercing shell. 
Lieutenant Davis claims that his new armour-plate is one-third 
lighter than other plates with the same resisting power, and that 
it can be manufactured at smaller cost and in less time. 
MILITARY. 
Colonel H. W. Smith-Rewse, R.E., has been appointed to 
command the School of Military Engineering at Chatham for 
three years. 
Second Lieutenant G. L. Uniacke, 4th Battalion Royal 
Lancaster Regiment, has been appointed to the Northern 
Nigeria Regiment of the West African Frontier Force. 
Major W. S. Nathan, R.E., Assistant Director of Railways 
in the Transvaal and Orange River Colonies, has been approved 
for Secretary of the Railway Board of Control in South Africa. 
Lieut. -Colonel W. A. May, C.B. , Royal Army Medical 
Corps, who has been serving in South Africa since the beginning 
of the war, has been appointed principal medical officer in Natal. 
Major R. Fanshawe, D.S.O , Oxfordshire Light Infantry, 
lately serving with a mobile column in South Africa, has been 
appointed D.A A.G. on Salisbury Plain. 
Major JL MacN. Walter, D.S.O , Devonshire Regiment, 
Press censor at Cape Town, has been appointed D.A.A.G. in 
Guernsey. 
The Secretary for War has approved the appointment at 
the Herbert Hospital, Woolwich, and Netley Hospital, South- 
ampton, of experts in clinical pathology. The necessary 
laboratory accommodation is to be provided, 
Lieut. -Colonel Rowley Wynyard, Royal Garrison Artillery, 
has been selected for Commandant of the Royal Hibernian 
Military School, Dublin, to succeed Colonel H. Hall, who 
vacated the post on the 31st ult. 
General Sir George White, V.C., has selected his son. 
Lieutenant J. R, White, D.S O. , 1st Gordon Highlanders, for 
A.D.C. on his staff as Governor of Gibraltar, vice Captain 
R, G. Hooper, D.S.O., 21st Lancers, who is rejoining his 
regiment. 
The Secretary for War has approved the appointment of 
Lieut. -Colonel J. F. S. Gooday, Engineer and Railway Volunteer 
Staff Corps, and General Manager of the Great Eastern Railway, 
to serve on the Army Railway Council, succeeding Colonel Sir 
W. Pollitt, late General Manager of the Great Central Railway, 
who has resigned, 
Lieut. -Colonel H. Charlesworth, C.M.G. , Royal Army 
Medical Corps, now at Portsmouth, has been appointed to 
succeed Deputy Surg. -General W. G. Don at the depot of the 
London Recruiting District, and Lieut. -Colonel Latchford, 
retired, has been appointed Medical Officer in the Dublin 
Recruiting District. 
The Italia Militare e Marina states that Austria-Hungary 
has at last decided upon the form of a new field howitzer, it is 
a 4'i3-in. gun made of Thieler bronze, and has a length of 
12 calibres. It fires a shell of 3 '5 calibres in length, charged 
with a new explosive called ammonal, which is said to be more 
powerful than ecrasite, and a shrapnel. Six pieces will form a 
battery, and three batteries a group. One group will be attached 
to each army corps. 
Viscount Kitchener will conduct the military manoeuvres at 
Delhi in December. General Egerton will command the 
northern army, with General More-Molyneux as chief of staff, 
General Locke Elliot commanding the cavalry division, and 
Generals Sir J. Wolfe Murray and J. Collins infantry division 
leaders. General Wodehouse will command the southern army, 
with Colonel Bromfield as chief of staff, Colonel M. Little in 
command of the cavalry, and General W. Hill the infantry, with 
General Sir James Willcocks and Colonel A, Pearson as 
brigadiers. 

Navies of Principal Countries. — A parliamentary paper 
recently issued gives details of the ships built and building for the 
chief navies of the world. The following is a summary of the 
vessels built : — 
— 
Battleships. 
Coast De- 
fence. 
Cruisers. 
Torpedo 
Vessels. 
Torpedo- 
boat 
Destroyers. 
Torpedo- 
boats. 
Submarines. 
Britain . 
5 2 
4 
126 
34 
108 
4 
France . 
28 
15 
46 
15 
10 
5 
12 
Russia . 
18 
14 
21 
1 7 
27 
4 
— 
Germany 
25 
11 
38 
2 
3 
3 
— 
Italy 
17 
— 
21 
14 
9 
3 
I 
United States 
10 
12 
22 
— 
2 
5 
1 
Japan 
7 
2 
33 
1 
14 
3 
" 
-*■ 
American Coke in 1901. — Although there was an increase 
in the production of coke in the United States during 1901 as 
against the previous year, there was a distinct decrease in the 
value of the product. The annual report of the United States 
Geological Survey on the subject, made by Mr. Edward W. 
Parker, shows that, inclusive of the output from 1,165 retort or 
by-product ovens, the total quantity of coke made was 2 1,795, 883 
net tons, the value of which was $44,445,923, as compared with 
2 °.533 i 348 net tons, valued at $47,443,331 in 1900, and 19,668,569 
net tons, valued at $34,670,417 in 1899. The increase in pro- 
duction in 1901, as compared with the preceding year, was 
1,262,535 net tons, or 6 '14 per cent. The value of the product, 
however, shows a decrease of $2,997,408, or 6'3 per cent. The 
reporter states that at the close of 1900 there were 5,804 new 
ovens in course of construction, of which 1,096 were by-product 
ovens. Only 80 of these latter, however, were completed during 
last year, the increased production being almost wholly that of 
beehive ovens. At the close of 1901 there were 5,155 ovens in 
course of construction, of which 1,533, or 3° P er cent., were by- 
product ovens. The production of by-product coke increased 
from 1,075,727 net tons in 1900 to 1,179,900 tons in 1901. The 
returns for 1900 show the number of coke-making establishments 
to have been 396, which number was increased last year to 423. 
The output of coke for last year was produced by 23 States, 
working a total of 64,001 ovens. The States which showed the 
largest increases in production during that year were 
Pennsylvania, whose total increase was 998,622 net tons, and 
Virginia, which had a gain of 221,974 net tons. Five States 
showed decreases in production, the principal losses being 
sustained by West Virginia and Tennessee, where the decreases 
were respectniely 74,799 and 71,415 net tons. Since the year 
1898, and including that year, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, 
Alabama, Virginia, and Colorado have been the five leading 
coke-producing States, and in the order of their names as placed. 
STATISTICAL NOTES. 
United Kingdom. — Coal and Iron, — The following 
tables are taken from the Memorandum on the Comparative 
Statistics of Population, Industry, and Commerce in the United 
Kingdom and some leading Foreign Countries, recently issued 
by the Commercial Department of the Board of Trade : — 
I.— Average Annual Production of Coal in the United 
Kingdom, France, Germany, and the United States 
in tons per head of the population of the different countries 
respectively in the undermentioned periods ; — 
Average of 
Period. 
United 
Kingdom. 
France. 
Germany. 
United 
States, 
i 855“59 
2 '34 
0*21 
*♦- 
+ 
1860-64 
2 '91 
0'27 
°'44 
*L 
1865-69 
3 ‘39 
°*33 
©'64 
4* 
1870-74 
3 '79 
°‘43 
079 
X09T 
1875^9 
3 ‘97 
04.6 
o'9i 
1 -17 
1880-84 
4 '45 
o' 54 
1 '15 
179 
1885-89 
4'5 I 
0-56 
1 32 
2 '04 
1890-94 
473 
o'69 
1*48 
2 ‘45 
1895-99 
5 '°7 
078* 
1 ‘69 
2 '57 
* Partly estimated, f Average for the three years 1870, 1873, and 1874. 
+ No information. 
II.— Estimated Consumption in the United Kingdom, 
France, Germany, and the United States in tons per 
head of the population of the different countries respectively 
in the undermentioned years : — 
Year. 
United 
Kingdom. 
France. 
Germany. 
United 
States. 
1883 
379 
o'8i 
i‘o8 
1 ’91 
1884 
365 
078 
I'lO 
1 ‘94 
1885 
3 '57 
075 
i'ii 
176 
1886 
3 '5o 
074 
i'ii 
175 
1887 
3'5 6 
078 
1 14 
1 '97 
1 888 
3*67 
o’Si 
I '12 
2 '20 
1889 
376 
0-83 
I '28 
2 '05 
1890 
3 '81 
o'9i 
I '30 
2'23 
1891 
3 '84 
072 
I 36 
2'34 
1892 
374 
C92 
I'30 
2 ‘43 
1893 
3 '3° 
090 
I.32 
2 '43 
1894 
375 
°’95 
i '35 
2 '22 
1895 
375 
°’95 
1 -38 
246 
1896 
3 '82 
o'98 
1 '47 
2 ‘41 
1S97 
3*87 
1-03 
1 '54 
247 
1898 
3-83 
i'o6 
1-58 
2 '65 
1899 
4' 'OS 
1*10 
i-66 
3 OO 
1900 
4'o8 
1 -19 
177 
3-08 
III. — Average Annual Production of Pig Iron from the 
United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the United 
States, in tons per head of the population of the different 
countries respectively in the undermentioned periods : — 
Average of 
Period. 
United 
Kingdom. 
France. 
Germany. 
U nited 
States. 
1855-59 
0*13 
0*02 
* 
0 02 
1860-64 
0*14 
OO 3 
O'02 
0-03 
1865-69 
o'i6 
0'03 
0'03 
0-03 
1870-74 
0'20 
0'03 
0’04 
o‘o6 
1875-79 
C19 
0*04 
0-05 
0*05 
1880—84 
023 
o'os 
ot>7 
o'o8 
1885-89 
Q'2I 
0*04 
o'oS 
O'lX 
1890-94 
o'i9 
0-05 
O'lO 
c'13 
1895-99 
0*22 
0*06 
0*13 
o*i5 
* No information. 
The table relating to consumption of coal, perhaps the most 
important of the three, shows that in both Germany and the 
United States, with populations increasing faster than that of the 
United Kingdom, the amount of the increase per head is 
greater than in the case of the United Kingdom, i.e. , comparing 
the annual averages for 1896*1900 with those for 1885-89, The 
increase per head in the case of the United States, indeed, is 
more than double that in the U nited Kingdom. “ Nevertheless, 
the tables clearly show that we still occupy the foremost place 
under all three heads, when population is taken as the measure," 
Export Trade. — The following Table is taken from the 
same Memorandum of the Board of Trade : — 
Comparison of the Annual Exports of the Under- 
mentioned Countries of the last twenty-one years (in 
millions sterling) : — 
Year. 
United 
Kingdom. 
France. 
Germany. 
United 
States. 
Million 
Million £ 
Million £ 
Million £ 
1880 
223 
i39 
145 
172 
1881 
234 
142 
149 
184 
1882 
241 
143 
160 
153 
1883 
240 
138 
164 
168 
1884 
233 
129 
160 
151 
1885 
213 
124 
143 
1886 
213 
130 
149 
139 
1887 
222 
130 
157 
146 
1888 
234 
130 
160 
142 
1889 
249 
. 148 
158 
152 
1890 
263 
150 
166 
176 
1891 
247 
143 
159 
182 
1892 
227 
138 
148 
212 
1893 
218 
129 
±55 
173 
1894 
216 
123 
148 
181 
1895 
226 
*35 
166 
165 
1896 
240 
136 
176 
180 
4 1897 
234 
144 
176 
215 
1898 
233 
160 
181 
252 
1899 
255 
166 
202 
251 
1900 
283 
164 
222 
286 
