274 [October, 1902.] 
IMPERIAL INSTITUTE JOURNAL. 
Vol. VIII. No. 94. 
625,000. On the other hand, the fall in wages in the metal 
trades has been much less noticeable than in 1901, and no 
other groups of trades show a decline. As regard changes of 
wages the following table shows for each group of trades (other 
than agricultural labourers, seamen, and railway servants), the 
average net increase or decrease per week in the wages of those 
directly affected : — 
Number of 
Net amount of Increase 
(+) or Decrease (— ) per 
week in Wages. 
Groups of T rades. 
Workpeople 
affected. 
Total. 
Average 
per head 
of those 
affected. 
Building Trades . 
39,687 
£ 
+ 1,943 
S. d. 
+ 0 Ilf 
Miningand Quarrying . 
72 S. 75 0 
- 62,635 
- 1 8f 
Metal, Engineering, and 
Shipbuilding . 
103,216 
— 21,121 
- 4 * 
Textile Trades 
3 .° 9 S 
+ 290 
4 - 1 10k 
Clothing Trades . 
5 . 4°9 
+ 691 
+ 2 6§ 
Miscellaneous Trades . 
27 , 33 s 
+ 1,656 
+ I 2 b 
Employes of Public Author- 
ities .... 
27,628 
+ 1,833 
+ 14 
Total 
932,126 
- 77,343 
- i 8 
As regards the hours of labour, with the exception of the 
year 1895 the reductions were less in 1901 than in any other year 
for which statistics have been collected. During 1901 only 
29,276 people were affected by the changes in hours of labour, 
of which total 586 had their working hours lengthened and 
28,690 had them shortened. The net result was a reduction of 
58,728 hours per week, or an average of two per head of those 
affected. It need hardly he pointed out that 58,728 hours is 
quite an infinitesimal fraction of the total working hours of the 
industrial population. In fact, the total reductions in hours 
reported during the nine years, aggregating slightly less than 
1.300.000 horns, represent when spread over the total industrial 
population, an average reduction of less than ten minutes in the 
weekly working hours. The principal changes in 1901 were in 
the printing trade. In Mr. Llewellyn Smith’s report, “some pre- 
liminary figures for the first half of 1902 are also included, and 
it is stated that during the first six months of 1902 the main 
features of the changes in wages have been generally similar to 
those 'of the previous year. During this period about 681,000 
workpeople were affected by the changes in rates of wages 
reported, viz., 32,000 by increases and 649,000 by decreases. Of 
the latter 625,000 were employed in mining and quarrying and 
23.000 in the metal trades. These are the same groups of 
industries in which the decline took place in 1901, but it will be 
noticed that while the fall of miners' wages has been more wide- 
spread in 1902 than in 1901, that of wages in the nietal trades 
has been much more restricted. So far as reported, 12,617 work- 
people have had their weekly hours of labour changed, the net 
result of all changes being an average decrease of about ij hours 
per week." 
Strikes and Lock-Outs in 1901. — Complete statistics have 
now been issued by the Labour Department of the Board of 
Trade regarding strikes and lock-outs in 1901. Mr. Llewellyn 
Smith says that the disputes of 1901 were not remarkable either 
for number or magnitude, and they included no stoppage of 
sufficient importance to overshadow all the others, as in some 
recent years. The aggregate duration of all the disputes in 
progress during the year, though below the averages, was some- 
what greater than in 1900, chiefly owing to an increase of 
stoppages in the mining industry, which, though all of a purely 
local description, were in some cases very prolonged. The 642 
fresh disputes recorded in 1901 involved nearly 180,000 work- 
people, or about 2 per cent, of the industrial population of the 
United Kingdom. The aggregate duration of disputes (new 
and old) during the year was about 4,000,000 working days, or 
about 20 days per head of those affected. The loss of time 
during the year, if spread over the whole industrial population, 
amounted to about half-a-day per head. On the whole, the 
results of the disputes were more in favour of the employers 
than in the previous year. The number of actual stoppages 
settled by arbitration or mediation was only forty-one, but these 
included some of the most widespread and prolonged disputes 
of the year. 
The following table gives statistics for the five years, 1897- 
1901, of the number of disputes beginning in each year, and the 
total number of workpeople involved, distinguishing those di- 
rectly on strike or locked-out from those thrown out of work as a 
result of trade disputes, but not themselves on strikes or locked- 
out : — 
Year. 
No. of 
Disputes 
beginning 
in each 
Year. 
Number of Workpeople affected 
by Disputes beginning in 
each Year. 
Aggregate 
Duration in 
Working 
Days of all 
Disputes in 
each Year, 
Directly. 
Indirectly. 
Total. 
1897 . . 
864 
* 67,453 
62,814 
250,267 
*°, 345,523 
1898 . . 
711 
200,769 
S 3 -* 3 8 
253 , 9°7 
15,289,478 
1899 . . 
719 
138,058 
42,159 
180,217 
2,516,416 
1900 . . 
648 
I 35 T 45 
53,393 
188,538 
3,152,604 
1901 . . 
642 
i*i ,437 
68, 109 
179,546 
4,142,287 
In 1901, the following were the total numbers of workpeople 
affected by disputes in various trades : — Building, 9,797 ; mining 
and quarrying, 112,981 ; metal, engineering and shipbuilding, 
22,489; textile, 16,609; clothing, 4,135; transport, 2,682 ; mis- 
cellaneous, 10,489 ; employees of public authorities, 364. 
The methods by which the disputes of the year were settled 
were as follows : — Arbitration, 23, affecting 8,349 workers ; con- 
ciliation and mediation, 18, affecting 8,465 workers ; direct 
arrangement or negotiation, 456, affecting 143,470 workers ; 
return to work on employers’ terms without negotiation, 45, 
affecting 9,362 workers; replacement of workpeople, 89, affect- 
ing 6,415 workers ; closing of works, 5, affecting 1,288 workers ; 
indefinite or unsettled, 6, affecting 2,197 workers. It willbeseen 
that the great bulk of the disputes were settled by direct nego- 
tiation between the parties concerned or their representatives — 
71 per cent, of the total disputes in 1901, affecting 80 per cent, 
of all persons involved in the disputes, being so arranged. 
FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
Trade Unions in Germany.— The following translation 
from a recent publication of the Imperial Commission throws 
much light upon the condition of trade unions and kindred 
associations in Germany : — Germany has 145 Chambers of 
Commerce and Trade and to of Agriculture. Around these 
are grouped the People's Industrial Council, the German 
Agricultural Council and the Land-Economy Colleges. The 
interests of the traffic are represented by the Home Railways 
Council. The learned professions are regulated by Councils 
of doctors and lawyers. Besides these, there are various 
independent associations to protect the interests of manu- 
factures, trade and traffic, and other unions to represent special 
classes and callings, namely, the Union of German Smelters, 
the great associations of architects and engineers, the German 
Fishery Union, the Inland Shipping Union, the Householders’ 
and Tenants' Unions, all of which have been established 
throughout the land for all the more important occupations and 
branches of industry. It is not alone the independent workers 
who have thus banded themselves together for the promotion of 
general as well as special industrial interests, but the movement 
has spread, and includes unions and officials, commercial unions, 
and associations of workmen of every description. It is chiefly 
for the promotion of industrial objects that the cartel, or union 
of masters, has been formed ; then there are associated enter- 
prises of various groups and classes ; and, finally, the co- 
operative societies of the working classes. German co-operative 
societies and associations can look back upon a half century of 
successful activity. At present, the self-aided trades and 
industrial co-opex - ative societies number altogether upwards of 
17.000 local societies, of which about 9,000 are agricultural, and 
include more than a million peasants. Fourteen thousand 
co-operative societies are comprised in 29 unions. The most 
prominent of these are the General Union of Self-aided Trades 
and Industrial Associations, which has its head-quarters at 
Charlottenburg, and consists of 32 affiliated unions and 1,371 
associations, the General U nion of Agricultural associations at 
Offenbach, with 28 affiliated unions and 6,505 associations ; and 
the General Agency Union at Neuweid, with 3,228 associations. 
Besides these three gigantic societies, there are smaller ones of 
some importance. Of industrial unions, there were 59 
in 1898, with almost 500,000 members. So far, working women 
have taken but little interest in the industrial movement. The 
largest list of members belonging to industrial unions is among 
the metal workers (75,000), the wood-workers (60,000), the textile 
workers (27,000), and the miners (28,000). The most perfect of 
these work unions is that of the book printers, consisting of 
24.000 members. Of the others, the carpenters number about 
20,000, while the persons employed in the tobacco trade and 
the workers in the manufactories, shoemakers, harbour and 
stone labourers, furnish severally from .10,000 to 15,000 
members. The second group, the so-called Hirch-Ducker 
trade unions, includes at the present day 86,500 members in 
1,700 local unions. • Of these, 34,000 belong to unions of 
engineers and metal-workers and 16,500 to those of handi- 
craftsmen and workers in manufactories. For the protection of 
special interests, as opposed to the workmen, there are unions 
for the employers of labour. In the foremost rank is the 
Hamburg league, with 17 large associations, which comprises 
the most varied industries, and extends to a number of 
neighbouring places. The next in importance is the Berlin 
League of the Employers of Labour. In addition to these 
general leagues, there are others of special branches of industry, 
which are sometimes organised locally arid often cover large 
portions of the country. Three are for mining and smelting 
concerns, 11 for metal manufacturers, 4 for brewers, 4 for the 
textile trades, 9 local and 1 central league for the building 
trade, 2 for the hat trade, and 1 for the manufacture of 
tapestry, besides 3 leagues of masters in the manufacture of 
wood. Other leagues, representing especially the industrial 
side of professional interests, also exist in the liberal and learned 
professions. 

EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION. 
The Imperial Institute acts in concert with the Emigrants' 
Information Office ( which is under the direction of the 
• Colonial Office), of jr, Broadway , Westminster, S. W. ; 
and also with the British Women's Emigration Asso- 
ciation, now temporarily carrying on its work in 
rooms at the Institute. The Handbooks and Quarterly 
Circulars issued by the Emigrants' Information Office 
may be obtained at the Commercial Intelligence Office. 
Special information and practical advice respecting 
Canada and Cape Colony will also be furnished by the 
Curators of these Sections , 
UNITED KINGDOM. 
The British Women’s Emigration Association. — The 
hon, secretary reports 2,257 applications in the month ended 
September 21. Over 2,000 of these related to South Africa, 
and the secretaries for that department of the work at the office 
are overwhelmed with letters from poor girls who have read in 
various inferior papers most inaccurate accounts of the wages to 
be obtained by servants in South Africa, £ 8 a month being 
quoted as if it were the minimum. It is no small part of the 
business of the Association to give accurate information to all 
enquirers, but it is not easy to alter their pre-conceived notions. 
The Government is sending out to Africa the wives and families 
of men remaining there in large numbers by the transports, 
but now that most of the troops returning to England have 
already left Africa, these ships will no longer be available. 
Seventy-three berths were granted for women recommended by 
the South African Committee of the British Women's Emigration 
Association in s.s. Plassey, which sailed on September 20 from 
Southampton. These persons were all going out either to 
definite employment already arranged for them, or to join 
relations who were prepared to receive them. Altogether 111 
have been despatched to the colonies in the last month, to 
Canada 17, Australia 4, South Africa 90. 
There will be a small extra party made up on October 9 
for those who cannot wait for the last party of the season to 
Canada on October 30. Some few young women will be sent 
to South Africa in s.s. Galeka October 18. The Australian and 
New Zealand liners which usually touch at the Cape are too full 
of long-voyage passengers returning to their homes to be avail- 
able at present for travellers to South Africa. New lines of 
steamers for South Africa from Liverpool, Canada, New 
Zealand and Australia, are projected, and the enormous prices 
for food, building materials, etc., will come down when the 
importations increase. In this hurrying generation people are 
apt to forget that time is necessary, that things cannot change 
ail at once from a state of War to a state of Peace. 
Now that the Hostel for Travellers is opened in London we 
quote the rules and terms on which people can be received, as 
follows : — The Wortley Hostel, 22, U pper Westbourne-terrace, 
Paddington, W. , for the accommodation of the travellers of the 
British Women's Emigration Association and the societies work- 
ing with it. Board and lodging for one night, 3s. 6d. and 5s. 
Other persons received as temporary boarders ; terms, bed one 
night, is. to 3s. 6d. ; per week, 3s. 6d. to 10s. Full board and 
lodging per week 15s. to 25s. Application to be made to the 
matron, Mrs. Church. Three days' notice to be given. 
References required. Nearest stations, Praed-street, Paddington, 
and Royal Oak. Omnibuses Royal Oak. It is intended to 
train two or three girls at a time for domestic service, cither 
with a view to their becoming qualified for emigration, or for 
situations in England. Although young women are not scarce, 
servants are, and England cannot be expected to be able to 
meet the demand for them from the colonies without seriously 
inconveniencing her own domestic affairs. Girls who wish to 
emigrate are valued in the colonies in proportion to their useful- 
ness in household matters, and the first step towards a successful 
career in the new country is to learn some branch of practical 
domestic work. Any who wish to go to Canada next 
spring can spend the intervening months in both learning and 
earning with a view to emigration. 
COLONIES. 
The last report of the Government Labour Bureau in 
Western Australia shows as follows : — Thefe is an ample 
supply of men in the building and other trades at Fremantle, 
Coolgardie, Albany, and other towns, and on the goldfields 
many are out of work, but there is a demand for them in one or 
two small places, as Menzies and Northam ; the supply of 
miners is quite sufficient except at Donnybrook (gold) and 
Greenbushes (tin) ; there is a good demand for agricultural 
labourers in many districts ; the supply of general labourers is 
sufficient, except at Northam, Beverley, and one or two other 
places ; there is a good demand for female servants. 
In Tasmania there is a moderate demand for skilled farm 
hands and female servants, and on the West Coast for miners. 
In New Zealand there is a good opening for farmers with 
capital, farm labourers, miners, female servants, and a limited 
number of mechanics, but not for gefieral labourers ; passages 
at reduced rates are given to persons possessing fixed incomes 
or a little capital. 
In Cape Colony there is a good demand for female servants, 
but they should not go by themselves ; there is no demand for 
more mechanics or miners, nor for. general or farm labourers, 
who are mainly coloured men. Persons going to Cape Colony 
do not now require permits. 
No one is now allowed to land in Natal without a permit. 
This must be applied for personally at the Permit Office, 
47, Victoria-street, London, S.W. The applicant must possess 
/’too, or prove that he is in a position to maintain himself in 
South Africa. There is now no special demand for more 
artisans, a large number of carpenters and others in the build- 
ing trades having lately arrived, but skilled men can find work. 
The following persons are wanted for the Government railways ; 
engagements are for thr ee years; candidates must apply to the 
Agent-General for Natal, 26, Victoria-street, London, S.W., 
enclosing particulars as to age, height, whether married or 
single, with medical certificates and testimonials ; free passages 
are provided, and half-pay during the voyage: — Good plate- 
layers between 25 and 40 years of age, with five years' experi- 
ence, wages ^Ti to ^15 a month; carriage and waggon 
examiners, having five years' experience, wages 9s. a day. 
There is a good demand for female servants, but they should 
not go alone. 
Permits (see above) are required by those going to the 
Transvaal and the Orange River Colony. These will not be 
valid unless endorsed by the representatives of those colonies at 
the port of disembarkation. There is a fair demand on the 
Rand for really first-class mechanics in the building trades, at an 
average wage of a little more than £1 a day, but the market is 
limited, and emigrants must remember that the cost of living is 
at least double that in England, rent being especially high, 
There is no demand for ordinary labourers, of whom there is 
a large local supply. An experiment is being tried by some of 
the mines in employing white men for general labour at 5s. a 
day and food, which makes up about 8s. lod. a day. There is 
a demand for female servants at £5 a month, but they should 
not go alone. The Women’s Immigration Department in 
Johannesburg has lately arranged a scheme, subsidised by the 
local Government, by which domestic servants in England may 
have passages advanced to them on condition of their repaying 
£12 out of their wages ; application should be made to the 
South African Expansion Committee, Imperial Institute, 
London, S.W. The Transvaal and Orange River Colony 
Enquiry Office has been opened at Cape Town for the purpose 
of providing information on those colonies, and as to openings 
for obtaining land. — Emigrants' Information Office Report. 
FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 
Emigration from Hungary. — The Hungarian Govern- 
ment is preparing to adopt stringent measures for regulating 
and restricting emigration. Dr. Selley, Ministerial Councillor, 
disclosed the outlines of a Bill shortly to be introduced in the 
Hungarian Diet. The most important section of the proposed 
law categorically forbids emigration before State and family 
obligations have been fulfilled. This presumably refers 
primarily to military service. The Bill further provides for the 
strict control of emigration agencies and transportation com- 
panies, aud prescribes severe punishment for persons attempting 
to induce emigration by means of misleading statements or 
advertisements. 

CUSTOMS TARIFFS. 
UNITED KINGDOM. 
Importation of Animals from Alderney Permitted. 
— A recently issued General Order of the Commissioners of 
Customs (No. 67 of 1902) contains the text of an Order, entitled 
the “Alderney (Animals) Order of 1902," which was issued by 
the Board of Agriculture on the 1st August, and came into force 
on the 8th August. 
The effect of this Order, read in conjunction with the 
“Jersey (Animals) Order of 1902,” is to permit, under certain 
conditions, the landing of animals in Great Britain from Jersey 
and from Alderney, but not from the other Channel islands. The 
conditions are stated in the “Channel Islands Animals Order of 
1896,” as amended by this Order, and by the corresponding 
Order for Jersey. 
Tariff Alteration. — With reference to the duties leviable 
on composite sugar goods imported into this country, it should 
be noted that the Commissioners of Customs have recently 
issued a General Order (No. 72 of 1902) directing that on 
and after the first ult., fruit, candied and bottled (other than 
fruit liable to duty as such), preserved in thick syrup, is dutiable 
at the rate of 2s. 6d. instead of 3s. per cwt. The necessary 
adjustment is to be made in the accounts of any importations 
entered since the 1st ult. inclusive. 
COLONIES. 
Australian Commonwealth.— By-law for admitting 
Linseed for the Manufacture of Linseed Oil Free 
of Import Duty. — The Official Gazette of the Commonwealth 
of Australia for nth July, 1902, contains a Customs By-law, 
which provides that linseed for the manufacture of linseed oil 
shall be admitted into the States of the Australian Common- 
wealth free of import duty. The By-law further provides that 
the Collector of Customs is to be first satisfied that such linseed 
is intended to be forthwith used for the manufacture of linseed 
oil, and security is also to be furnished by the importer that the 
linseed shall be so used, and within six months of the date of 
importation proof shall be given to the satisfaction of the 
Collector that the linseed has been so used by the importer. 
