Vol. VIII. No. 9 6. 
IMPERIAL INSTITUTE JOURNAL. 
[December, 1902.] 327 
of course, will be more difficult than in the case of freight, which, it is expected, will be 
managed in some way through the railroads which convey it to the coast. According to the 
common belief an attempt will be made to have this traffic divided, if possible, upon a 
pro rata basis, so that each ship within the combination will have its share. This will be 
done for the purpose of preventing the fast, popular ships, known as “ flyers, ” from sailing 
with great crowds, while the smaller and slower steamships must make the voyage with a 
meagre passenger list. It is believed that in order to promote this the sailings will be so 
arranged that only one fast ship shall leave New York each week. In this way it is thought 
that competition would be reduced to the minimum. In connection with this, the following 
tabulated statement, showing the number of outgoing passengers carried by each of the 
lines for the year ended June 30, 1901, will of itself show some of the difficulties which the 
new combination is likely to encounter : — 
Shipping Trust. 
American Line . 
Atlantic Transport 
Red Star Line 
White Star Line . 
* * * * 
• # • * 
• • * • 
* • * * 
Cabin. 
9,252 
4,197 
4,435 
14,160 
Total. 
16,083 
4U97 
14,625 
28,833 
32,044 
64,738 
German and Allied 
Hamburg- American .... 
Holland-American .... 
North German Lloyd .... 
LiNES. 
18,470 
4>9 T 3 
14,887 
34,058 
11,704 
32,770 
38,270 
78,532 
Allan- State . 
Anchor 
Cunard 
French Line , 
Wilson 
Outside Lines, 
t « ■ • 
• • » • 
• at* 
* • * a 
• • * a 
L425 
5,4i7 
15,534 
7,943 
112 
1,764 
3U4I 
26,786 
24,579 
1 12 
• 
3°, 43i 
61,382 
Totals , 
100,745 
204,652 
It is estimated that, when the returns for the last complete year, ended June 30, 1902, are 
compiled, at least one of the lines in the trust will show a considerable decline in the 
outward-bound passenger traffic. It is interesting also to note that the two German lines 
carried more passengers in the year under review than all of the lines in the combination, 
and also more than what may now be termed the independent, or outside, lines. — Times . 

THE EXPANSION OF CANADIAN TRADE. 
The High Commissioner for Canada, Lord Strathcona, has issued a statement, in which 
he draws attention to the rapid increase during the past two years of the trade between 
Canada and Great Britain. 
It is generally well known that, for some years past, the exports of the produce of the 
Dominion to the mother-country have been rapidly increasing. The following figures (the 
Canadian fiscal year ends on June 30) bearing on that part of the question speak for 
themselves : — 
Total Canadian 
Exports to Great 
Exports. 
Britain. 
• 
Dols. 
Dols. 
1902 
196,019,000 
... 109,348,000 
1901 
177,431,000 
92,857,000 
1899 
138,462,000 
85,114,000 
1897 
123,959,000 
69,533,000 
1895 
103,085,000 
57,903,000 
1890 
85,257,000 
... 41,499,000 
The exports consist largely of horses, live cattle, meats of all kinds, general farm and 
dairy produce, and fruits. Other considerable items in the trade are the products of the 
mine, the forest, the fisheries, and the manufactories of the different provinces. 
Prior to 1896, the imports from Great Britain, of its staple manufactures, were decreasing, 
but owing to the influence of the preferential tariff, abundant harvests, and increased 
immigration, the trade has since been advancing, as shown by the following figures : — 
Total Canadian Imports from Great 
Imports. Britain. 
Dols. Dols. 
1902 
202,791,000 
49,215,000 
1901 
181,237,000 
43,018,000 
1899 
154,051,000 
37,060,000 
1897 
111,294,000 
... 29,412,000 
1 890 
112,765,000 
43,39foooo 
There is plenty of room for the expansion of Canadian exports to Great Britain, and of 
British exports to Canada. Canadians believe that, all other things being equal, there is a 
disposition in the United Kingdom to look favourably on the products of the Canadian 
farms, dairies, and orchards — such as wheat, oats, flour, butter, cheese, eggs, bacon, ham and 
other meats, canned goods of all kinds and fruits ; and also on the other natural products 
and manufactures to which reference has been made. The trade might be much increased if 
consumers would enquire for Canadian products among the many kinds that are imported. 
Lord Strathcona says that the Canadian Government is anxious to facilitate as much as 
possible communication between British exporters and Canadian importers, and Canadian 
exporters and British importers, and that correspondence is invited in his department from 
merchants and importers who are interested. Statistics and other information relating to 
the different branches of Canadian trade — both imports and exports — are available, and the 
various trade journals, daily, and weekly papers, official reports and business directories, 
may be inspected at any time at the Canadian Government Offices, 17, Victoria-street, S.W. 
FOREIGN TRADE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
The trade and navigation returns for the month of October, 1902, make a fair comparison 
with the corresponding period of last year. The increases reported both under imports 
and exports are accordingly very satisfactory. 
Taking the imports first, these show an expansion of 2-| millions, or 5*6 per cent., as 
compared with last year, but are still rather over If millions, or 3*4 per cent., less than 
was recorded for the 1900 period. Comparing October this year with the corresponding 
month last year, the largest increase is under the head of raw textile materials, which are 
,£1,364,000 higher, as a result of greatly increased cotton shipments, no fewer than 
532,000 cwt. additional having been imported, chiefly from the United States, though the 
arrivals from Egypt were also larger. 
Manufactured articles give £592,000 increase, principally under the heads of cotton, 
silk, and wool ; but the items are well distributed, and not of much importance separately, 
though motor cars figure for £103,000 extra. Dutiable articles of food and drink increased 
by £567,000, shipments of wdieat being over 2f million hundredweights greater in bulk and 
£964,000 in value. A feature in this connection is the very large stride made in the 
imports from Russia. In October last year only 117,500 cwt. valued at £36,000, were 
exported thence to Great Britain, while now the quantity is no less than 1,638,812 cwt.* 
of £531,000 value, which proves how quickly the wheat districts of Russia have recovered 
from the severe effects of the drought experienced last year. 
United States and Canadian shipments were also larger. Maize shows a falling off of 
£136,000, the reduction being from the United States. Sundry raw materials give £316,000 
gain, sawn and split timber coming to hand more freely and showing £601,000 increase — 
principally from Sweden, Canada and the United States. Imports of gutta-percha are 
£97,000 less. Tobacco — mostly unmanufactured — increased by £160,000, and duty free 
articles of food and drink were £165,000 higher. Fruit shipments continue to expand — 
especially as regards apples — and hops, owing to the disastrous season here, had to he 
imported to the extent of £170,000 extra. Beef fell off by £159,000 — chiefly from the 
United States — though exports from the Argentine were again greater, and bacon by 
£130,000 — also from the United States. Imports of metals were £250,000 less — mostly 
in copper from Spain — and live stock decreased by £178,000, the decline being in United 
States exports. Miscellaneous articles were £339,000 less than a year ago — largely in flax 
from the British East Indies. 
As regards exports of British produce there is an increase of £1,166,195 to note over 
the 1901 figures, or 4 ‘9 per cent., and of £401,901, as compared with 1900, or 1 '6 per cent. 
The largest gain is reported under the head of metals and their manufactures, the amount 
being £577,392 larger. Iron, both wrought and unwrought, gives £377,000 extra, large 
additional shipments of pig iron being made to the United States. The large increase of 
£319,000 is shown under telegraphic wires and apparatus, but no destination is given. 
Copper declined £133,000, as was only to be expected in the face of the diminished imports. 
Articles of food and drink increased by £241,000, principally from the export of herrings. 
Raw materials show £199,000 increase. Exports of coal were 445,265 tons greater, and 
brought in £136,000 more. Articles of apparel and personal use were exported to the 
increased value of £170,000, but there was a decrease of £82,000 in the price of the new 
shipments exported. Chemical shipments were £38,000 larger. 

BRITISH MINES AND QUARRIES. 
Part III. (output) of the General Report and Statistics of Mines and Quarries for 1901 
has been published as a blue-book. It relates to the output and value of the minerals raised 
in the United Kingdom, the amount and value of the metals produced, and the exports and 
imports of minerals during the year mentioned. Dr. C. Le Neve Foster, in his introduction, 
remarks that the record of the first year of the century is not a favourable one. 
Of the numerous minerals raised in the United Kingdom coal is the only one of over- 
whelming importance; in 1901 its value represented 88 '8 per cent, of the total value of our 
mineral output. 
Compared with the figures for the previous year, the statistics show a drop of more than 
six million tons in our output of coal, the first interruption in the steady rise since the great 
strike of 1S93, if we except the trifling diminution which occurred in 1898. Turning to the 
figures for the four separate divisions of the United Kingdom, it appears that the diminution 
in output was felt especially in England, and to a much smaller extent in Scotland, whereas 
in Wales there was a slight increase, Expressed in percentages the decrease in the output of 
England was 3*68, that of Scotland *95. and the increase in Wales ‘21. 
The demand for coal was less than in 1900 ; owing to slackness in the iron trade the 
consumption of coal in the blast furnaces was smaller by 2\ million tons, and at the same 
time the exports fell off by nearly 2% million tons. The average price per ton of coal was 
is. 5d. less than in the previous year, so that the reduced consumption cannot be ascribed to 
higher cost. 
The oil-shale mines of Scotland yield a product of greater money importance than the tin 
mines of Cornwall. With tin ore an increased production is chronicled ; but, owing to 
diminished prices, tire value of the output in 1901 was less than that of the previous year. 
The quantity of zinc ore represents pretty nearly the average of the last decade, but here again 
the mine-owner received less money for his produce. 
As regards iron ore Dr. Le Neve Foster says Next in importance to coal is iron ore, 
though the gap between these two minerals, whether as regards quantity or value, is a very 
wide one. The output of iron ore which was rising from 1893 to 1899 has since been falling, 
and the diminution of if million tons in 1901 represents 125- per cent, of the quantity 
raised in the previous year. The imports likewise were smaller ; the falling off was nearly 
three-quarters of a million tons, or 12 per cent. After Spain, Greece is our largest provider 
of foreign iron ore. 
Of other metallic ores there is little to be said. The report notes that natural gas is 
being obtained in Sussex, and that much is hoped from the discovery. 
NITRATE DEPOSITS IN CALIFORNIA. 
Considerable interest has been aroused in America by the explorations which have been 
made during the last few years into the nitrate fields situated in Bernardino and Inyo 
counties, in the State of California. These are found along the shore lines, or former 
beaches, that marked the boundary of the former lake, now dry, 'known as Death Valley. 
The nitre is found m the huge clay hills surrounding this valley. An analysis of 
specimens of this strata show that some of them carry a percentage of from 15 to 
40 per cent, of nitre, thus proving that they rival the well-known beds of Chili in 
richness. The lands already prospected and taken up by companies comprise about 35,000 
acres, and it is estimated that the surface caliche, which is the name given to the nitre- 
bearing strata, has in sight something like 22,000,000 tons. Some of these strata below the 
surface are said to range from 3 feet to 10 feet in thickness. The interest of these new 
deposits has not been limited to investors, or to chemists and geologists and other scientists, 
but there has also been a movement among miners and others to this distant and desolate 
territory. Thus far, this is accompanied by a good many difficulties, because of the remote- 
ness and necessary expense connected with its exploration. It is impossible to make a visit 
to it, even for a few days, without a large and expensive outfit of bedding, tents, and food 
for both men and animals. There are, too, no cabins where supplies can be stored, so that 
it is difficult to carry and keep a stock for more than a month’s stay. With a little further 
development, it is expected that tents will be supplied, to be followed by more permanent 
