304 cl vn. GRAMiNEiE (Stapf). \Hyparrhenia. 
(WjLSLS^) 
4. H. rufa^ Stapf. Perennial, np to over 8 ft. high, tufted, with 
extra- and intra- vaginal innovations, with firm glabrous cataphylls. 
Culms erect or geniculately ascending, often stout (up to 3 lin. in 
diam.), terete, solid, glabrous and smooth, simple and 5-7-noded 
below the panicle or sometimes here and there with a branch from 
one of the lower nodes. Leaf-sheaths terete, glabrous, rarely hairy 
upwards, shorter than the internodes except the lowest, the basal 
short and more or less persistent ; ligules scarious, rounded, up to 1 lin. 
long, often with hairs from behind ; blades linear, narrow and 
equally broad downwards, long- tapering to a fine point, 1-2 1 ft. by 
1-4 (rarely 6) lin., or those of the innovations very much shorter, 
rigid, erect, flat, glabrous, rarely more or less hirsute, scabrid along 
the margins ; midrib stout, white above, lateral nerves about 3-4 on 
each side, slender. Spatheate panicle often large, elongated, lax 
or contracted, 1-1 1 (sometimes 2) ft. long, in tall specimens com- 
pound to the third degree, in meagre specimens much reduced ; 
primary internodes 8-10, the lowest 6-9 in. long, or in very robust 
specimens considerably longer, the following gradually decreasing; 
tiers up to 8- or 13-rayed, mixed, or the lowest branches undivided 
at the base, up to 4-noded, and up to 1 ft. long ; simple rays very 
slender, filiform, 1-2 in. long ; subtending leaves like the preceding 
leaves, decreasing upwards but usually with well-developed blades. 
Spatheoles very narrowly linear -lanceolate, acuminate, subherbaceous 
or scarious, at length reddish, 1J-2 (exceptionally 3) in. long, ulti- 
mately tightly inrolled ; peduncles finely filiform, 1-2 in. long, 
often nodding and laterally exserted from the spatheole when in 
flower, exceeding the spatheole (at length up to 3 in. or occasionally 
4 in. long), and almost straight, glabrous (rarely) or pubescent above, 
or with few to many spreading white tubercle-based hairs towards 
the tips. Racemes not or very slightly spreading, often nodding, 
slender, §-l in. long, 7-13-awned per pair, fulvous to rufous, the lower 
subsessile, the other with a slender filiform base up to 1| lin. long, 
pubescent, very rarely epinastic ; joints filiform, obliquely trun- 
cate, up to 1 lin. long, shortly and densely ciliate, lower cilia often 
white or at least pale, upper fulvous or rufous ; pedicels very 
similar, but slightly shorter. Homogamous pair of spikelets 1, 
<$ or neuter, at the base of the lower raceme or occasionally of both. 
Fertile spikelets linear-oblong, If— 2 J lin. long, pale or sometimes 
dark greenish or more often reddish and slightly glossy ; callus 
short, obtuse, shortly bearded. Glumes equal ; lower subchartaceous, 
minutely truncate, dorsally flattened, margins narrowly involute 
up to two-thirds, then indexed from the narrow short rigidly ciliolate 
keels, more or less hairy to almost villous with short rather rigid 
fulvous or rufous hairs, rarely glabrous on the back, nerves about 
7-9, evanescent below ; upper glume membranous, subobtuse, 
3-nerved, reversedly ciliolate upwards. Lower floret reduced to an 
oblong obtuse reversedly ciliate faintly 2-nerved valve. Upper 
