4 
INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA. 
series of cheek-teeth and the relative lateral position of the premolars to the true 
molars the genus Hylobates makes an approach to the human type which is wanting 
in all the larger existing Simiidce , and it is very noteworthy to find a similar relation 
obtaining in the Siwalik Troglodytes , accompanied by a more human-like structure of 
the upper premolars. 1 
The occurrence of Troglodytes and Simla in the Siwaliks and the existence of 
the latter in Borneo and Sumatra indicates that the later ancestral home of the 
larger existing Simiidce was probably in the Oriental region, although in earlier times 
the family ranged over Southern Europe ; and it is a very significant fact from an 
evolutionary point of view that the Siwalik Troglodytes appears to be more specialized 
than any of its existing allies. 
The existence of large apes in the Siwaliks of the Punjab indicates that the 
physical condition of . that region in the pliocene epoch must have been widely 
different from that obtaining at the present day. 
Genus II. SIMIA, Linn. 2 
Distribution. — The genus is now confined to Borneo and Sumatra. Remains of 
the existing species are found in a subfossil condition in the caves of the latter 
island, but, with the exception of the Siwalik form, no fossil species have been 
described. 
Simia, sp. 
History. — The first notice of this form was published in 1837 by Falconer and 
Cautley, 3 and later notes by Falconer and Prinsep 4 indicated its close affinity to 
Simia satyrus. The present writer 5 when describing the Siwalik Troglodytes as 
Palceopithccus regarded the type specimen of the present form as belonging to a male 
of the Punjab ape. 
Tipper canine. — The one known specimen of this form is a worn left upper 
canine, 6 which was obtained from the Siwalik Hills, but is now unfortunately lost. 
It is fully equal in size to the corresponding tooth of a large male S. satyrus , the 
resemblance being stated to be so close that it was impossible to distinguish between 
the two. There is therefore every probability that the specimen indicates the 
existence of a Siwalik species of Simia. 
Family II. CERCOPITHEOID M 
Genus I. SEMNOPITHECUS, F. Cuvier. 7 
Distribution. — The genus is at the present day characteristic of the forest regions 
of the whole Oriental region ; and was represented by S. monspessulanus , Gervais, 
in the lower pliocene of Montpellier (H^rault) and Casino (Tuscany.) 8 
1 The human cranium with the most ape-like palate is the one figured by O. Thomas in the ‘ Journ. Anthrop. Inst.’ 
vol. XIV. pi. XIV. (1885). 2 “Syst. Nat.” ed. 12. vol. I. p. 34 (1766). 
3 1 Journ. As. Soc. Beng.’ vol. VI. p. 359. pi. XVIII. fig. C. 
4 “ Palaeontological Memoirs,” vol. I. pp. 304-307. fig. 11 ; vol. II. p. 578. 
5 ‘ Bee. Geol. Surv. Ind.’ vol. XII. p. 38 (1879). 6 “ Palaeontological Memoirs,” vol. I. p. 304. fig. 11. 
7 “ Hist. Nat. d. Mammiferes ” (1821). Semnopitheque. 8 See Major ‘ Atti. Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat.’ vol. I. p. 224 (1876). 
