6 
INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA. 
the left maxilla showing the unworn m. 3 and the broken bases of the three pre- 
ceding teeth, while fig. 10 belongs to the opposite side and exhibits the base of pm. 4, 
the almost unworn m. 1 and m. 2, and m. 3 in alveolo. The curved line of the molar 
series ( fig . 10) together with the relatively small size of the hinder cusps of m. 3 
( fig. 9), and the absolutely small dimensions of the teeth indicate that the fossils 
belong to Macacus rather than Semnopithicus, while the small size of m. 1 in 
comparison to m. 2 forbids their reference to Cercopithecus } 
Affinities. — With regard to the question of species, the fossil jaws are smaller 
than those of M. rhesus , M. silenus, M. radiatus, and (apparently) M. sinicus, while 
the anterior zygomatic root is placed more anteriorly. The specimens have not been 
compared with the non-Indian existing species of the genus, from which their 
specific distinction may be assumed: they are decidedly smaller than the fossil 
M. pliocenus and M. prisons , but for the reason already stated the writer has been 
unable to compare them with the two Italian fossil species. 
Genus III. CYNOCEPHALUS, Lac^p^de. 2 
Distribution. — This genus is now mainly characteristic of the Ethiopian region, 
although it also ranges over the whole of Africa, C. hamadryas extending from 
Abyssinia to Arabia. A fossil species is recorded by M. P. Thomas 3 from the upper 
pliocene of Algeria, and has been provisionally named G. atlanticus. In India the 
genus occurs in the pliocene of the Siwalik Hills, and persisted into the late 
pleistocene of Madras. 4 It may be added that for palaeontological purposes the 
genus Theropithecus must be included in Cynocephalus. 
Species 1. Cynocephalus subhimalayanus (H. von Meyer 6 ). 
Syn. Setnnopithecus subhimalayanus , H. von Meyer. 6 
History. — The history of the only known specimen of this species is given in 
the writer’s “ Cat. Foss. Brit. Mamm. Mus.” pt. I. pp. 4, 5. 
Cranium. — The type specimen, which was obtained from the Siwalik Hills, is 
represented in pi. I. figs. 3, 3a ; and in order to exhibit more clearly its characteristic 
features it has been partially restored in outline, and a figure given (fig. 2) of the 
right half of the palate of a female of the existing C. babouin in which the cheek- 
teeth are unworn. The fossil comprises the greater part of the right half of the 
facial part of the cranium, showing the root of the zygomatic arch and the inferior 
border of the orbit (or.), and containing the five cheek-teeth in a half-worn condition, 
and part of the base of the canine. The small size of the canine shows that the 
specimen belongs to a female, while the contour of the maxilla and the characters of 
the teeth indicate conclusively its generic position. The general contour is not 
unlike that of the cranium of C. babouin , but the lateral surface of the maxilla is 
1 See ‘ Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind.’ vol. XI. p. 69. 
2 “Nouv. Table Method.” (1799), in ‘Mem. d. 1’ Institut.’ vol. III. p. 490 (1801). 
3 ‘Mem. Soc. Geol. France.’ ser. 3. vol. III. art. 2. p. 14. pi. X. fig. 4 (1884). 
4 The Madras form 'will he described in part 2 of this volume. 
5 In Bronn’s “Index Palseontologicus,” p. 1133 (1848). — Semnopithecus. 
6 Loe. eit. 
