FAUNA OF THE KARNUL CAVES. 39 
in the series. A humerus from the Purgatory cave is figured in pi. VIII. fig. 7. 
Equus asinus, Linn. 
Definition of the term . — Under this specific name may be included both the 
domestic races, and the wild asses of Nubia and Somali-land, which are referred to 
two races by Mr. Sclater. 1 2 
Molars . — The much-worn third right upper true molar, of which the crown 
surface is represented in pi. IX. fig. 15, was obtained from bed Cf in the Cathedral, 
and agrees so exactly with the corresponding tooth of the domestic E. asinus that 
there is every probability of its specific identity.* This specimen, of which the 
antero-posterior diameter is only 089 inch, is in a thoroughly fossilized condition. A 
little-worn left upper tooth belonging to the middle of the cheek-series (No. F. 253) 
from bed Cb in the same cave agrees in relative size with the preceding specimen ; 
its antero-posterior diameter being 0*85, and the transverse 0*79 inch. The third 
right lower true molar from bed Cf in the Cathedral represented in fig. 1 1 of the 
same plate agrees so exactly with the corresponding upper tooth that it might have 
been thought to have belonged to the same individual, were it not that it is in a 
less worn condition. The antero-posterior diameter of this specimen is T08 inches. 
The much-worn left lower tooth represented in fig. 12 of the same plate was 
obtained from bed Ca in the same cave, and from its very small size is evidently 
m.l ; its length is 0*8 inch. 
Metatarsal . — A right third metatarsal 3 (No. F. 258) from bed Ca in the Cathedral 
agrees in relative size with the teeth. The length of this specimen is 8-2, and the 
transverse diameter of the distal extremity T54 inches. 
Distribution. — The existing wild races of E. asinus being confined to north 
Africa it is extremely interesting to find evidence in the pleistocene of southern 
India of a form which there is every reason to regard as specifically the same, and 
which not improbably indicates that the African races originally migrated from 
India. A fragment of the right ramus of the mandible of a small species of Equus 
from the pleistocene of the Narbada (British Museum No. M. 2690 4 ) may not im- 
probably indicate the existence of the present or an allied species in that area. 
Equus, sp. a. 
Upper molars . — Several molars of an Equus of superior size to E. asinus , and 
agreeing approximately in this respect with E. onager of north-western India and 
Persia have been obtained from the Cathedral cave. Three of these specimens 
belonging to the upper jaw are represented in pi. IX. figs. 14, 16, 17 ; those in figs. 
1 ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1884. p. 542. Equus taniopus, Heuglin, is a synonym of one of these forms, and the inclusion of 
both in E. asinus renders unnecessary the note in reference to E. tamiopus given in vol. II. p. xi. of this work. 
2 There are apparently no means of distinguishing the teeth of E. asinus from those of a very small pony, but the 
absence of any wild diminutive species of true horses in India and Africa renders it highly improbable that the Kamul Equus 
belonged to such a form. 
3 Noticed by Mr. Foote in the ‘ Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind.’ vol. XVII. p. 204 (No. 2). 
* “ Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus.” pt. III. p. 73 (1885). 
J 
