CLARKE’S NUTCRACKER. 
129 
with blue ; seven of the secondaries largely tipped with white, upper tail- 
coverts greyish-black ; tail pure white, excepting the two middle feathers 
and the greater part of the inner webs of the next pair, which are black, 
glossed with blue ; lower wing-coverts dusky, some tipped with white ; 
lower tail-coverts pure white. 
Length to end of tail 12 inches ; bill along the ridge 1 T \, along the edge 
of lower mandible l}f ; wing from flexure 7H ; toil ; tarsus lfV ; hind 
toe f|, its claw r % ; middle toe its claw T V 
The female is similar to the male. 
FAMILY XIX.— LANIIN^E. SHRIKES. 
Bill short, of moderate length, stout, broader than high at the base, com- 
pressed toward the end ; the gap-line slightly arched, the ridge narrow, the 
notch and dentiform process large, the tip narrow and decurved. Head 
large, roundish, ovate ; neck short ; body compact. Legs of moderate 
length ; tarsus compressed, with seven anterior scutella ; toes moderate, 
compressed ; hind toe rather stout, lateral about equal, the outer adherent 
at the base. Claws arched, compressed, acute. Plumage soft and blended. 
Bristles rather strong. Wings and tail various. Roof of upper mandibla 
narrow, with a median ridge ; tongue slender, concave above, horny toward 
the end, with the margins lacerated, and the tip slit ; oesophagus wide, 
uniform ; proven triculus elliptical ; stomach broadly elliptical or roundish ; 
its muscular coat thin, the epithelium dense and longitudinally rugous ; 
intestine of moderate length ; ccecavery small ; cloaca oblong or globular. 
Trachea simple ; four pairs of inferior laryngeal muscles. 
Yol. IY. 18 
