248 
HAIRY WOODPECKER. 
the shoulders. All the upper parts maybe described asddack, tinged with 
brown behind ; the feathers along the middle of the back tipped with white, 
forming a longitudinal band of that colour ; the wing-coverts, the anterior 
excepted, and quills spotted with the same, there being on the four longest 
primaries seven spots on the outer and five on the inner web, on most of the 
secondaries five on each web ; but on the outer quill only one patch on each 
web, and on the second two spots on the outer, and three on the inner-. The 
four middle tail-feathers are glossy black, the rest black only towards the 
base, the outermost being almost entirely white. The lower parts are 
white, tinged with dull grey on the fore neck and breast, the sides with 
blackish -grey. 
Length to end of tail 83 inches ; to end of wings If, to end of claws 7*1 ; 
extent of wings 144 ; bill along the ridge 1 T V ; along the lower mandible 14 ; 
wing from flexure 4/^ ; tail 2}4 ; tarsus ; hind toe T V, its claiv T 4 2 ) second 
toe t 8 2 , its claw T 6 2 ; third toe fi, its claw fourth toe T 7 2 , its claw-j-V 
Adult Female. 
The female resembles the male externally, being however more tinged 
with brown, especially on the quills, and wanting the red patches on the 
occiput. 
Length to end of tail 84 inches, to end of wings 74> to end of claws 74 ; 
extent of wings 15. 
In an adult male the roof of the mouth has a prominent middle ridge, 
which divides posteriorly into two ; the palate is convex ; the posterior 
aperture of the nares linear-oblong, margined with papillce. The tongue is 
eleven-twelfths long, toward the end horny, pointed, and furnished with two 
lateral series of acute reversed papillm. The horns of the hyoid bone curve 
round the occiput, converge on the top of the head, then leave the median 
line, pass to the right side in a groove round the anterior edge of the orbit, 
and are deflected backwards below the eye so far as near the level of its 
'posterior angle. The aperture of the mouth measures 54 twelfths across. 
The oesophagus is 3 inches long, 34 twelfths in diameter, very slightly 
dilated at the lower part of the neck. The proventriculus is scarcely 
enlarged, its glandules form a belt 4 twelfths in breadth. The stomach is 
oblong, 11 twelfths in length, 7 twelfths broad ; its lateral muscles very thin ; 
the epithelium thin, tough, longitudinally rugous, reddish-brown. The 
contents of the stomach are skins of large white larvas with black heads. 
The intestine is 94 inches long, the duodenum 24 twelfths in diameter. 
There are no coeca. 
The trachea is 2 inches 5 twelfths in length, its diameter 14 twelfths, 
gradually diminishing to 1 twelfth. The contractor muscles are both 
anterior for the length of 14 inches, beyond which they become lateral, and 
