THE RED-HEADED WOODPECKER. 
279 
Adult Female. 
The female differs from the male only in being smaller, and in having the 
tints of the plumage somewhat less vivid. 
Length 81 inches. 
Young Birds. 
The young, when fully fledged, have the bill and iris dark brown, the feet 
bluish. The head and neck are dark brownish-grey, mottled with small 
streaks of dark brown ; the back and wing-coverts of the same colour, 
spotted with darker ; the primaries brownish-black, margined with whitish, 
the secondaries yellowish-white, barred with black ; the tail brownish-black, 
tipped with white ; the rump an<l under parts greyish-white. 
In a male preserved in spirits, the width of the mouth is twelfths. 
The tongue is 1^ inches long ; its horny part 7i twelfths, flat above, convex 
beneath, for 4 twelfths from the tip furnished on each side, not with prickles, 
but with several series of very slender filaments, which are directed obliquely 
backwards. The covering of the fleshy part of the tongue is also bristled all 
over with minute papillte directed backwards. The horns of the hyoid bone 
curve round the occiput as in the other species, and then pass along the 
median line until about 3 twelfths from the base of the bill. The oesophagus 
is 3 inches 7 twelfths long, passes as usual along the right side of the neck, 
and has a nearly uniform width of 31 twelfths. The breadth of the pro- 
ventriculus is 4 twelfths. The stomach is rather large, of an elliptical form, 
placed obliquely, its length 9i twelfths, its greatest breadth 1 inch. The 
lateral muscles are very large, one of them being 5 twelfths, the other 4 
twelfths in thickness ; the epithelium thin, tough, longitudinally rugous. 
The contents of the stomach are remains of maize, some very hard small 
seeds, and numerous particles of quartz. The intestine is rather short and 
wide, its length 104 inches, its width 3 2 twelfths. There are no coeca. The 
cloaca is ovato-oblong, 9 twelfths long, 7 h twelfths in width. 
The trachea is 2 inches 8 twelfths in length ; its breadth at the upper part 
li twelfths, somewhat less toward the lower end, a little flattened; the rings 
65, with 2 dimidiate, well ossified. The contractor muscles are moderate ; 
the sterno-tracheal slips come off at the distance of only 2 twelfths from the 
lower extremity ; and the inferior laryngeal slips are thus scarcely dis- 
tinguishable. The cleido-tracheal muscles are inserted about the middle of 
the furcula. The bronchial half rings are 12, slender, and cartilaginous. 
