TURNSTONE. 
235 
scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and the under parts of the body and wings, 
white. Anterior smaller wing-coverts dusky, the rest bright chestnut or 
brownish -orange, as are the outer webs of the inner tertiaries; alula, primary 
coverts, outer secondary coverts and quills blackish-brown, their inner webs 
becoming white towards the base ; a broad band of white extends across the 
wing, including the bases of the primary quills, excepting the outer four, 
and the ends of the secondary coverts ; the shafts of the primaries white. 
Tail white, with a broad blackish-brown bar towards the end, broader in 
the middle, the tips white. A dusky band crosses the rump. 
Length to end of tail 9 inches, to end of wings 8f, to end of claws 10 ; 
extent of wings 18f ; along the ridge 9 T %, along the edge of lower mandible 
; wing from flexure 6 T V ; tail 2 T \ ; tarsus -j ] ; hind toe ||, its claw fV ; 
middle toe }f, its claw T 3 |. Average weight of three specimens 3f oz. 
Male in winter. 
In winter, the throat, lower parts, middle of the back, upper tail-coverts, 
and band across the wing, are white, as in summer ; the tail and quills are 
also similarly coloured, but the inner secondaries are destitute of red, of 
which there are no traces on the upper parts, they being of a dark greyish- 
brown colour, the feathers tipped or margined with paler ; the outer edges 
of the outer scapulars, and some of the smaller wing-coverts, white ; on the 
sides and fore part of the neck the feathers blackish, with white shafts. 
Individuals vary much according to age and sex, as well in size as in 
colour, scarcely two in summer plumage being found exactly similar. 
In a male bird, the tongue is of an inch in length, sagittate and papil- 
late at the base, concave above, narrow, and tapering to the point. The 
oesophagus is 4^ inches long, inclines to the right, is rather narrow, and 
uniform, its diameter Proventriculus oblong,^ in length, fv in breadth, 
its glandules cylindrical. Stomach oblong, ji in length, its cuticular lining- 
very tough and hard, with broad longitudinal rugae, its lateral muscles 
moderately large. Intestine Yli inches long, slender, varying in diameter 
from f-l to r '| ; rectum ; coeca 1 T 8 2 , H in diameter at the commencement, 
T \ toward the end ; cloaca globular. 
The traehea is 3^ inches long, 2 T L in breadth, contracts to T '^ ; its 
lateral muscles very thin ; sterno-tracheal slender, a pair of tracheali- 
bronchial muscles. The rings are very thin and unossified, 104 in number. 
Bx-onchi of moderate length, with about 15 half rings. 
In a female, the oesophagus is 44 inches long, the intestine 18. In both 
individuals the stomach contained fragments of shells, and claws of very 
small crabs, which were also found in the intestine, although there more 
comminuted. 
