86 
CANADA BUNTING (TREE SPARROW.) 
Tree Sparrow, Fringilla arbor ea, Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. ii. p. 12. 
Fringilla canadensis, Bonap. Syn., p. 109. 
Emberiza canadensis, Tree Bunting , Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol. ii. p. 252. 
Tree Sparrow, Fringilla canadensis , Nutt. Man., vol. i. p. 495. 
Tree Sparrow, Fringilla canadensis , Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. ii. p. 51 1 ; vol. v. p. 504. 
Adult Male. 
Bill short, strong, conical, acute ; upper mandible rather narrower than the 
lower, with the dorsal outline very slightly convex, the sides rounded, the 
edges sharp and inflected, the tip very slightly declinate ; lower mandible 
also slightly convex in its dorsal line, the sides rounded, the edges involute ; 
the gap-line slightly deflected at the base. Nostrils basal, roundish, con- 
cealed by the feathers. The general form rather robust. Legs of moderate 
length, slender ; tarsus compressed, anteriorly covered with a few long 
scutella, sharp behind ; toes scutellate above, free, the lateral ones nearly 
equal ; claws slender, slightly arched, that of the hind toe considerably 
larger, much compressed, acute. 
Plumage soft, blended. Wings of moderate length ; the third and fourth 
quills longest and equal, but the second, third, fourth, and fifth are about the 
same length, and slightly cut out on the outer edge ; secondaries emarginate. 
Tail long, emarginate, nearly straight, of twelve rather narrow, obliquely 
pointed feathers. 
Bill black above, reddish-yellow beneath, with the tip blackish. Iris brown. 
Legs dusky brown, the toes blackish-brown. Upper part of the head bright 
bay ; a band of greyish-white passes over the eye, lighter at its commence- 
ment near the upper mandible, and gradually shaded into ash-grey ; sides of 
the head and neck ash-grey, the latter with some streaks of bay, of which a 
short band proceeds from the eye backwards. Middle of the back streaked 
with deep brown, bay, and pale yellowish-grey ; rump light yellowish-grey. 
Wing-coverts similar to the back, the first row of small coverts and the 
secondary coverts broadly edged with bright bay and largely tipped with 
white, of which there are thus two conspicuous bands across the wing; quills 
dusky, the outer margined with dull white, the inner with pale bay, the 
three inner secondaries broadly margined towards the end with white. Tail- 
feathers also dusky, margined externally and internally with greyish-white, 
the edge of the outermost pure white. Fore-neck pale grey, the sides 
yellowish-grey, the breast and abdomen white, tinged with cream-colour, the 
under tail-coverts white. An obscure spot of dark brown on the middle of 
the breast ; and the feathers that cover the flexure of the wing, when closed, 
are bay. 
Length 6i inches, extent of wings 8# ; bill along the back r 4 5 , along the 
edge T e 5 ; tarsus If. 
