THE WHITE-THROATED FINCH. 
155 
lands as with us are called of second quality, although it occasionally makes 
its appearance in the richest alluvial deposits. Its height seldom exceeds 
twenty feet, or its diameter ten inches. It is scarcely ever straight to any 
extent, but the wood, being extremely hard and compact, is useful for turn- 
ing, when well dried and free of wind-shakes, to which it is rather liable. 
Its berries are eaten by various species of birds, and especially by our 
different kinds of squirrels, all of which shew great partiality to them. 
Its flowers, although so interesting in early spring, are destitute of odour, 
and of short duration. The bark is used by the inhabitants in decoction 
as a remedy for intermittent fevers, and the berries are employed by the 
housewife for dyeing black. 
Male, 64,9. Female, 64, 84. 
Winter resident from Louisiana to Maryland, and inland as far as Ken- 
tucky. Breeds from Maine to the Fur Countries. Abundant. 
White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla albicollis, Wils. Airier. Orn., vol. iii. p. 51. 
Fringilla Pennsylvanica, Bonap. Syn., p. 108. 
Fringilla (Zonotrichia) Pennsylvanica, White-throated Finch , Swains. & Rich, 
F. Bor. Amer., vol. ii. p. 256. 
White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla Pennsylvanica , Nutt. Man., vol. i. p. 481. 
White-throated Sparrow, Fringilla Pennsylvanica , Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. i. p 
42 ; vol. v. p. 497. 
Idult Male. 
Bill short, robust, conical, acute ; upper mandible broader than the lower, 
e .arcely declinate at the tip, almost straight in its dorsal outline, as is the 
lower, both being rounded on the sides, and the lower with inflected, acute 
edges ; the gap-line nearly straight, a little deflected at the base, and not 
extending to beneath the eye. Nostrils basal, roundish, open, partially 
concealed by the feathers. Head rather large. Neck shortish. Body 
robust. Legs of moderate length, slender ; tarsus longer than the middle 
toe, covered anteriorly with a few longish scutella ; toes scutellate above, 
free, the lateral ones nearly equal ; claws slender, arched, compressed, acute, 
that of the hind toe rather large. 
Plumage compact above, soft and blended beneath. Wings short and 
curved, rounded, the third and fourth quills longest, the first much shorter, 
the secondaries long. Tail longish, forked, the lateral feathers curved 
outwards towards the tip. 
Upper mandible dark brown, its edges and the lower mandible light blue. 
Iris hazel. Feet flesh-coloured, claws light brown. Upper part of the head 
black, with a narrow white stripe from the forehead to the upper part of 
the neck. A broader white stripe, an reriorly passing into bright orange, over 
