PINE GROSBEAK. 
185 
having its axis continuous with that of the oesophagus or proventriculus, it 
bends to the right nearly at a right angle. It is a very powerful gizzard, 85 
twelfths long, 8 twelfths broad, with its lateral muscles J inch thick, the 
lower very distinct, the epithelium longitudinally rugous, of a light reddish 
colour. The duodenum, f g, first curves backward to the length of 1^ 
inches, then folds in the usual manner, passing behind the right lobe of the 
liver ; the intestine then passes upwards and to the left, curves along the left 
side, crosses to the right, forms about ten circumvolutions, and above the 
stomach terminates in the rectum, which is 11 twelfths long. The coeea are 
1-J- twelfths in length and J twelfth in diameter. The entire length of the 
intestine from the pylorus to the anus is 31J inches (in another male 31) ; its 
greatest breadth in the duodenum twelfths, gradually contracting to 1 ^ 
twelfths. Fig. 2, represents the convoluted appearance of the intestine. 
The oesophagus, ab c ; the gizzard, d, turned forwards ; the duodenum, ef; 
the rest of the intestine, g h; the cceca, i ; the rectum, ij, which is much 
dilated at the end. 
The trachea is 2 inches 2 twelfths long, of uniform diameter, 1 \ twelfths 
broad, with about 60 rings ; its muscles like those of all the other species 
of the Passerinas or Fringillidae. 
In a female, the oesophagus is 2 inches 10 twelfths long ; the intestine 31 
inches long. 
In all these individuals and several others, the stomach contained a great 
quantity of particles of white quartz, with remains of seeds ; and in the oeso- 
phagus of one was an oat seed entire. 
Although this bird is in its habits very similar to the Crossbills, and feeds 
on the same sort of food, it differs from them in the form and extent of its 
crop, in having the gizzard much larger, and the intestines more than double 
the length, in proportion to the size of the bird. 
