192 
WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. 
lowish spots. The young are abroad in the end of June, and the species 
remains in that country until the latter part of November. Dr. Richardson 
states that it “ inhabits the dense white spruce forests of the Fur Countries, 
feeding principally on the seeds of cones. It ranges through the whole 
breadth of the continent, and probably up to the sixty-eighth parallel, where 
the woods terminate, though it was not observed by us higher than the sixty- 
second. It is mostly seen on the upper branches of the trees, and, when 
wounded, clings so fast, that it will remain suspended after death. In 
September it collects in small flocks, which fly from tree to tree, making a 
chattering noise ; and in the depth of winter it retires from the coast to the 
thick woods of the interior.” 
Male, 64, 101. Female, 61, 10. 
During winter, as far south as Maryland. Not uncommon in New Jersey 
and Pennsylvania, where a few breed. Common in Maine, Nova Scotia, 
Labrador, and the Fur Countries. Migratory. 
White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera , Wils. Amer. Orn., vol. iv. p. 48. 
Loxia leucoptera, Bonap. Syn., p. 117. 
White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera , Bonap. Amer. Orn., vol. ii. 
Loxia leucoptera, White-ioinged Crossbill , Swains, and Rich. F. Bor. Amer., vol 
ii. p. 263. 
White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera , Nutt. Man., vol. i. p. 540. 
White-winged Crossbill, Loxia leucoptera , Aud. Orn. Biog., vol. iv. p. 467. 
Adult Male. 
Bill rather long, stout at the base, where it is higher than broad, extremely 
compressed toward the end, the mandibles towards their extremity deflected 
to opposite sides, so as to cross each other. Upper mandible with the dorsal 
line convex and deflected, the sides slightly convex, the edges sharp, and 
towards the end united, as in Rhynchops nigra , the tip .excessively com- 
pressed, decurved, and extending far beyond that of the other. Lower 
mandible with its angle very short and broad, the dorsal outline ascending 
and convex, the edges sharp, inflected, and approximated at the tip, which 
is extremely acute. Nostrils small, basal, round, covered by short bristly 
feathers. 
Head large, broadly ovate ; eyes small; neck short : body compact. Feet 
rather short, strong ; tarsus short, compressed, with seven anterior scutella, 
and two posterior plates meeting so as to form a thin edge ; toes of moderate 
size, the outer united at the base, the first strong, the lateral toes nearly 
equal, the third much longer ; the pads and papillae of the soles very large. 
Claws, long, arched, very slender, much compressed, tapering to a fine point 
