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tained the Eskimo tribes, who differed in appearance, language, and 
mode of life from all other tribes on the American continent. 
This is the classification we shall adopt in this book, a classifica- 
tion based primarily on culture areas, which were themselves largely 
determined by the physiography of the country. But in discussing 
each culture area in turn, we shall find it most convenient to sub- 
divide according to cleavages of tribe and language, so that in the 
end we shall be adopting all three bases of classification. The scheme 
in brief is as follows; 
(1) Migratory Tribes of the Eastern Woodlands. This group 
comprises the Micmac Indians of Nova Scotia; the Malecite of New 
Brunswick and the neighbouring parts of Quebec south of the St. 
Lawrence river; the Montagnais of eastern Quebec and their near 
kinsmen the Naskapi in the eastern half of the Labrador peninsula; 
the Algonkins between Ottawa river and the St. Maurice; the Ojibwa 
of northern Ontario; the Cree from about the middle of the Labrador 
peninsula westward to the prairies; and, finally, the extinct Beothuk 
Indians of Newfoundland. 
(2) Agricultural Jhibes of the Eastern Woodlands. In this group 
are the Iroquois-speaking peoples, viz., the Five Nations of the 
Iroquois (Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Mohawk), the 
Ilurons, and the now extinct Tobacco and Neutral tribes of Niagara 
peninsula. 
(3) Plains* Tribes. The three divisions of the Blackfoot (Black- 
foot proper, Piegan, and Blood), the Sarcee, the Assiniboine or 
Stonies, and a branch of the Cree. 
(4) Tribes of the Pacific Coast. The Tlinkit Indians in south- 
eastern Alaska, who encroached on what is now British Columbia; 
the Tsimshian of the Nass and Skeena rivers; the Haida of the Queen 
Charlotte islands; the Bella Coola of Dean channel. North Bentinck 
arm, and the Bella Coola river; the Kwakiutl from Douglas channel 
to Bute inlet on the mainland (except for the portion controlled by 
the Bella Coola), and in the northeast corner of A^ancouver island; 
the Nootka on the west coast of the same island; and finally, the 
Salishan-speaking Indians at the southern end of Vancouver island 
and around the mouth of the Fraser river. 
