14 
Norman; the Hare from Norman to the ramparts of the Mackenzie 
river; the little-known Nahani tril)es of the Rocky mountains from 
the upper Liard river north to the headwaters of the Keele and 
Stewart; and the rather confused Kutchin tribes of the Peel, Porcu- 
pine, and upper Yukon rivers. 
(7) The Eskimos along the Arctic coast, and around the shores 
of Hudson bay and the Labrador peninsula. 
The accompanying map (No. 2274, in pocket at the end of the 
book), which outlines these cultural and tribal divisions, has been con- 
structed for two dates, 1525 A.D. and 1725 A.D., since the history of 
Canada opened two centuries earlier in the eastern provinces than in 
the western.^ There were numerous disturbances of population 
between Jacques Cartier’s visit to the St. Lawrence river in 1535 and 
the confinement of many tribes to reserves in the latter half of the 
nineteenth century. Some tribes disappeared altogether during the 
interval, others expanded or moved away to new territories. We are 
not certain, indeed, of the exact location of every western and northern 
tribe even as late as 1725, for much of Canada was still entirely 
unknown. Their positions as given on the map, however, may be 
considered tolerably accurate. 
The colours superimposed on the map indicate approximately the 
linguistic areas at the same dates. The eleven languages current in 
Canada were distributed very unevenly, two of them, Algonkian and 
Athapaskan.“ covering nine-tenths of the territory outside the shores 
of the Arctic, where Eskimo held sway. Physiography again played 
its part in determining the distribution of the languages, but to a 
less marked extent than in the case of the culture areas. Thus the 
two culture areas in the eastern woodlands would have coincided 
with the two linguistic areas, Algonkian and Iroquoian, if the Algon- 
kian had not extended also into the prairies.^ The Athapaskan 
tongue occupied the whole of the Alackenzie River basin, but it also 
had an offshoot, Sarcee, into the prairies, besides being strongly repre- 
1 See Appi'iKlis A. 
-Names of linKiiistie siocks, wheti ili-iivi-d from Irilial iiaiiirs, an; sometimes tlistinimislied by the 
sndix -an, as Altioiikiii, Ali;oiikijui : Sioux, Siouaii; but liiijruists have not been eoiisi.steiit in thus rt«pi*et, 
llai<lii, for example, lueaniiiK either llie ti'ibe or the lanpcnatre. 
3 Tlie afliliatiuns of the old Beothukiui liinauage of Newfoundland .are iineei liiin. I.athain eonchided 
that it was related to Algonkian, but Gatsehet, who had a fuller acquaintanee with Algonkian, and a 
larger Beothukan vocabulary at his disposal, believi'd that it was an indepejident language. By 1725, 
Micmac Itunters flora Nova Scotia who spoke an .Algonkian dialect were overrunning the island, 
although the Beothuks survived for aiuUher hundred years. 
