222 
heaps. But then the rarity of stone or pottery pipes, both inland and 
on the coast, a^ain arouses our suspicion that there may have been 
an earlier population, for it suggests that smoking was a new trait 
but lately introduced into the Maritime Provinces from the Iro- 
quoians to the west. Such pipes as liave been found closely resemble 
Iroquoian types,’ indicating that either the Iroquoians or the Mari- 
time Algol! kians, perhaps both, were newcomers into southeastern 
Canada. There the problem rests to-day, and we must leave it 
unsolved pending further excavations. 
None of the Maritime remains hitherto excavated bears any indi- 
cations of great antiquity,- nor can we prove with certainty that 
Algonkian or any other tribes had occupied this region more than a 
century or two before the coming of Iuiro]>eans. A grave at Red 
Bank, in Northumberland county, New Ih'unswick, contained burnt 
human bones and a number of stone implements deeply stained with 
red ochre like the remains of the mysteiious “ Red Paint ” people in 
the neighbouring state of Maine,’’ although the implements them- 
selves in no way resembled “ Red Paint ” types. On the other hand, 
knobbed gouges, plummets, adze blades, and long slate spear-points 
of typical “ Red Paint ” forms have been unearthed in various parts 
of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, but neither associated with de- 
posits of red ochre nor in circumstances that would indicate great 
antiquity. It seems safer, therefore, to regard these specimens not 
as the work of a distinct people, but as local variants from the more 
usual Algonkian forms. Altogether, archieological investigations in 
the Maritime Provinces have been singularly disappointing. They 
have elucidated some obscure features in the culture of the inhabitants 
that were not recorded by the early missionaries and explorers, but 
they have failed to prove conclusively that there was any occupation 
of this area before the eleventh or twelfth century A-D."’ 
Arehreology has been a little more successful in the lowlands of 
the St. Lawrence River valley, where we find two kinds of prehistoric 
village remains. In the one, besides the usual stone axes, bone awls, 
and other implements, there are fragments of clay pots that had 
1 Tlie spofinl pipe rh'vUopffl by ilio Alicninrs appears lo he iiost-Eiiroiiean. 
2 The shell-lieaps are mucli smaller am! shallower 1haii those on the eoast of Maine. 
3 For (hi'se “ Ri"! Paint” people. .See Moorehead, W. K. ; ” Aielneology of Maine”; Andover, 
Massachusetts, 1922. Moorehead claims for them great nntifinily, 
“tit is hai'illy ereilihle, ne\ ei-t heless, that it was enlireh' uninhabited before and for several cen- 
turies after the beginniing of the Chri-slian era. 
