224 
of maize. Both agriculture and smoking, therefore, seem to have 
come into southeastern Canada through the Troquoians. 
At what period, then, did the Iro(iuoians reacli the St. Lawrence 
valley? Parallel discoveries south of the International Bounflary, 
and a close study of the culture, traditions, and dialects of their 
various tril)es, tend to fix the date at around 1300 A.D. Parkei* 
would bring them from the Ohio valley to Detroit or tlie Niagara 
river, where he believes they split into two branches, one. the 
ancestors of the Hurons, Mohawks, and Onondagas, moving along 
the northern shores of lakes Erie and Ontario; the second, which 
later separated out into the Seneca, Erie, and other tribes, traversing 
the southern shores.’ Other authorities prefer to suspend judgiiKUit 
on the movements and cultural groupings of the various tribes ])end- 
ing the results of further investigations.- Meanwhile, Wintemberg 
has dispelled one illusion by finding an Iro(|uoian camping site as far 
east as Kegashka, beyond the Natashkwan river; for his discovery 
proves that the prehistoric Iroquoians conti'olled not only the valley 
of the St. Lawrence but a considerable portion of the gulf, and that 
the party met by Cartier off the Gaspe coast was not, as is commonly 
supposed, a mere scouting expedition cruising in unknown waters. 
The Algonkians who preceded the Troquoians, like those of the 
Maritime Provinces, were pottery-makers, although their kindred 
north of the St. J^awrence watersherl used vessels of birch bark for 
cooking their foorl. Parker has discovered at Lamoka, in the state 
of New York, a stratified refuse hea]> left by two distinct peoples, 
the lower deposits by a long-headed tribe that knew no pottery, the 
upper by a round-headed tribe with ]>ottery.‘^ He estimates the 
antiquity of the heap at from two thousand to four thousand years, 
which is very much greater than a reasonable estimate for any site 
yet discovered in eastei'n Canaria. We have not found, indeed, any 
site in the lowlands of the St. Lawrence where pottery is absent, 
except a small and rather insignificant cam]>ing place at Red ^lill, 
near Three Rivers. Yet we are confident that pottery was not an 
independent invention of the Algonkians, but came to them from 
more civilizerl tribes to the south. Possibly it was introducerl from 
1 Parkrr. A. C. : Oj'. fit,, ]i. 4S3. 
~ Cf. SkiniK'r, A.; " Xotes on Iroquois AiTlueolosrx” ; Indian Xote.s and Monographs, Mus. of the 
American Indian, Ileye Foundation, pp. 21 ff (New York, 1921). 
3 Parker, A. C. : American Aiuliropol'jgisi , ii.s., vol. 30, ])p. 515-6 (1928). 
