65 
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF ALGONKIAN 
AND IROQUOIAN CULTURES 
By W. J. Wintemberg 
CONTENTS 
Page 
Preface: by D. Jenness 65 
Introduction 66 
Characteristics of Algonkian and Iroquoian sites 67 
Stone work 68 
Copper artifacts 79 
Earthenware . 81 
Bone, antler, teeth, and shell artifacts 87 
Burials 95 
Illustrations 
Plate III. Arrowheads chipped from stone 97 
IV. Chipped stone artifacts from Algonkian sites 99 
V. Ground slate points 101 
VI. Ground stone artifacts from Algonkian sites 103 
VII. Slate gorgets and pendants 105 
VIII. Bar and bird amulets 107 
IX. Banner stones and tubes from Algonkian sites 109 
X. Copper artifacts from Algonkian sites Ill 
XL Algonkian pottery 113 
XII. Stone and earthenware objects from Algonkian and Iroquoian sites. . 115 
XIII. Earthenware pipes from Iroquoian sites 117 
XIV. Pottery fragments from Iroquoian sites 119 
XV. Bone artifacts from Iroquoian sites 121 
XVI. Antler artifacts from Iroquoian sites 123 
XVII. Shell artifacts from Iroquoian sites 125 
Figure 2. Outline of Algonkian and Iroquoian pots 82 
PREFACE 
The early immigrants from France who colonized eastern Canada in 
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries found the country inhabited by 
Indians who spoke two entirely different languages. The tribes in the 
Maritime Provinces, and throughout Ontario and Quebec north of St. 
Lawrence river with the exception of the peninsula south and west of 
lake Simcoe, all spoke dialects of the Algonkian language. The Huron 
Indians around lake Simcoe, the Tionontati or Tobacco Indians southwest 
of them, and the Neutral Indians on both sides of lake St. Clair, together 
with two neighbouring tribes in the United States, the Erie and the Andaste 
or Conestoga, spoke dialects of the same language, Iroquoian, as the 
Iroquois or Five Nations (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and 
Mohawk) who controlled the country south of the St. Lawrence from lake 
Ontario to Maine. Even before the destruction of the Hurons, Tionontati, 
and Neutrals by their Iroquois brethren in the seventeenth century, during 
the struggle between the English and the French, there had been many 
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