G8 
at the foot of rapids. The refuse deposits of most camps are shallow and 
not more than 8 inches deep, and are only a few feet in diameter. In the 
western part of southern Ontario deep, black deposits, which contain no 
artifacts, occur at sites where artifacts of Algonkian type are abundant. 1 
The Iroquoian peoples were more particular than the Algonkians 
in the selection of sites for their semi-permanent villages, in many cases 
choosing a flat-topped, peninsula-like sandhill, the surrounding land also 
being sandy and suitable for the raising of com and other vegetal foods. 
In low, flat areas where sandhills were not available, but the soil was suit- 
able, it was necessary to build circular or oval earthworks (in one case 
double) to support the posts of the palisade that surrounded many Iroquoian 
villages. Only sites of the post-European period are located on clayey 
soils. The villages were generally located as far as possible from large, 
navigable streams. 
The refuse deposits are either in heaps or fill deep hollows and are 
from a few inches to 4 or more feet deep, and from 6 to 100 feet in diameter. 
In these are found fragments of pottery, pipes, implements, and ornaments 
of stone, shell, and bone, carbonized corn cobs, kernels, beans, sunflower 
seeds, plum pits, nuts, and animal bones. 
No sites with superimposed Algonkian and Iroquoian cultural deposits; 
that is, Algonkian material at the bottom and Iroquoian material at the 
top, have been found in Ontario but are known to occur in New York. 
STONE WORK - 
The stone artifacts from Algonkian and Iroquoian sites consist of 
chipped, ground, and polished specimens. The Algonkian were pre- 
eminently stone workers and their artifacts of this material exceed in 
numbers, variety, and uses those of the Iroquois, whose stone work, especi- 
ally chipped, was less fully developed than that in other materials. 
Chipped Stone Artifacts 
Artifacts chipped from stone from Algonkian sites consist of points for 
arrows, spears, and knives, axes, points for drills, and scraper blades; points 
for arrows and drills, knives, and scraper blades are found on Iroquoian sites. 
Most of the Algonkian artifacts are chipped from chert, many others 
are chipped from quartzite, and a few are of quartz, quartz crystal, jasper, 
chalcedony, and felsite. Chert and opaque chalcedony are the principal 
materials used by the Iroquois, very little jasper, quartz, and quartzite 
being used. 
Points for Arrows , Spears, a?id Knives 
The points for arrows from Algonkian sites, very few of which are 
very small, are of the following types: leaf-shaped (Plate III, figures 1 
and 5); triangular (figures 2-4), pentagonal (figure 28); shouldered but 
not barbed (figures 8 and 21), notched (figures 9-17, 23, and 24), and 
barbed and stemmed (figures 18-20, 22, and 25-27). A few have serrated 
edges (figures 13 and 22) and others have both edges bevelled, giving the 
iSee the writer’s “Indian Village Sites in the Counties of Oxford and Waterloo’’; Archaeological Report, 1899, 
p. 86, Toronto, 1900; and “The Archaeology of Blandford Township, Oxford county, Ontario”; Victoria Memorial 
Museum, Bull. No. 1, pp. 198-9 (1913). 
