79 
A few stemless bowls are simple, with only incised ornamentation (Plate 
XII, figure 19). The type of vasiform pipe seen on Plate XII, figure 
20, is common on most post-European Iroquois sites, as many as five 
specimens being from one place. 
COPPER ARTIFACTS 
Artifacts made of native copper are found in many different localities 
in Ontario and Quebec, but in most cases not on camp sites yielding Al- 
gonkian pottery or other artifacts characteristic of that culture, and many 
of them were probably left by mound-building Indians. 1 Very few copper 
artifacts are found on Iroquoian sites, most of them being from sites of the 
earliest periods. 
Most of the artifacts are utilitarian, and consist of points for arrows 
and spears, fish-hooks, knives, spuds, adzes, axes, gouges, long, double- 
pointed objects, scraper-like objects, and beads. 
Arrow and Spear Points 
Arrow and spear points are more common than the other artifacts 
made of copper, although we have a record of less than one hundred from 
the two provinces. Only a few of the points are small enough to be classed 
as arrow points. The simplest consists of a long, slender, triangular point 
with a wedge-shaped base for insertion in the cleft end of the arrow shaft 
(Plate X, figure 5). A few specimens are hollow, cone-shaped objects 
(Plate X, figure 6); one has both edges near the base concave like the 
chert arrow or spear point on Plate IV, figure 1; and a few others are 
stemmed. The spear points, of which there are records of eighty, have 
leaf-shaped blades, are sharp on both edges, and lenticular, triangular, or 
diamond-shaped in cross-section. The stems are either long, slender, pointed 
and more or less round in cross-section (Plate X, figure 1), in tw r o cases 
with small barb-like projections at the base of the blade (Plate X, figure 
2); broad and short, and in a few cases flattened on both faces, one of 
them notched on one edge (Plate X, figure 3) ; or with a half-open socket 
formed by bending both edges inward (Plate X, figure 4). They are more 
common in the eastern and central portions of southern Ontario than in 
the western part, twenty-seven specimens having been found in Renfrew 
county alone. 
A few spear points have been found on Neutral-Iroquoian sites of the 
archaic period, but these were probably obtained from Algonkians or 
mound-building Indians. 
Fish-hooks and Gaffs 
Thirty-two of the thirty-four copper hooks from Ontario and Quebec, 
of w r hich the writer has any record, are from localities along the north 
shore of lake Superior (as many as twenty-seven being from one locality). 
Only one specimen comes from central Ontario and what is probably 
another was found on a site near Batiscan, Champlain county, Quebec. 
‘Parker (Arch. Hist. N.Y., op. cit., p. 76) thinks the copper implements found in New York are not all “Algon- 
kian by any means,” and that “those they had were probably acquired from extra-limital sources through trade 
or otherwise. They are probably of mound culture origin.” 
