TWENTY-SIXTH SESSION. 
81 
N. E. Hansen of South Dakota Agricultural College reports apple trees root 
grafted on Pyrus haccata seedlings entirely uninjured and suggests the use of 
this stock by nurserymen of the northwest. At present seed is not available. 
Apples in Orchard— The vigor and age of the individual tree affected 
tbe final result materially. 1. Trees from five to fifteen years old suffered 
less than those younger or older. 2. Trees on north slopes suffered more 
from root-killing than those on south slopes. 3. Apples were injured most 
on sandy soil, least on loam, and to an intermediate degree on clay. 4. A 
standard of hardiness based on ability to withstand injury to the branches 
did not prove reliable in all cases, when applied to the injury sustained by 
the roots. For instance, Haas, an unusually vigorous and hardy tree, was 
generally killed throughout the snowless region. In the college orchard 
where it has been freely used for top grafting purposes the destruction of 
this variety was almost complete. 5. Among varieties least injured are: 
1st, the crabs; 2d, natives, Siberians and the Hibernal type of Russian ap- 
ples; 3d, varieties of western origin, such as Northwestern and Patten; 4th, 
Wealthy, Duchess, Tetofsky, Willow and Scott Winter. 
Plums in Nursery — Plums, native or European, worked on peach or 
Myrobolan killed, on Marianna badly injured, on Americana slightly injured, 
but recovered rapidly. In a few instances permanently injured. 
Plums in Orchard— The injury may be scaled in the same manner but was 
less pronounced throughout. Americantis on peach roots escaped where well . 
rooted from the scion. Sand cherry ( Prunus Besseyi ) stocks have been used 
to some extent in the state. In no case have I found these roots injured 
in the slightest degree. In passing I may add that experience has not yet 
developed the ultimate effect of this stock upon the scion. Thus far its 
dwarfing influence upon varieties of the Americana type is conclusively 
demonstrated. Domestica plums on own roots fared better than the same 
varieties on peach, Mj^robolan or Marianna. Let me interpolate at this 
point that the experience of our nurserymen has proved the unsuitability 
of Americana stocks for propagating the Domesticas and Japan varieties by 
budding. The top outgrows the stock. When root grafted the scion soon 
becomes an “own-rooted” tree; but the first year’s growth in nursery is un- 
satisfactory. 
In orchard the results of the 'freeze as bearing upon the kind of stock used 
approximated quite closely those outlined above. As to varieties Americanas 
suffered slightly; Angustifolias considerably; Domesticas badly; Japanese 
severely. Japan on sand cherry came through without injury. 
Cherries in Nursery.— The two almost universally used cherry s^ock 
are Mazzard and Mahaleb. The former was practically a total loss in the 
ease of two year olds and a complete loss of one year olds. Morello stock 
and own rooted Morello trees generally escaped with slight injury except 
in exposed situations. In orchard the results were substantially the same, 
though the desirability of deep planting received emphatic commendation 
by the escape from root injury of several young Richmond orchards set 
unusually deep (e. g. those set in a dead furrow). In the college nurseries the 
practice of root grafting the cherry received commendation by the fact that 
the only trees which escaped were those which were partly on their own 
roots. 
11 
