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AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
4. Cultivation— Too often sown to grain and grass, especially by tbe gen- 
eral farmer. Professional fruit growers give cultivation and in many cases 
grow small fruits between rows of trees. 
5. Cover Crops.— More attention is now being paid to the importance of 
cover crops. Rye and clover protect the roots in counties of light snowfall 
and severe frosts. • 
6. Fertilizers —Barnyard manure, hardwood ashes, soiling with clover. 
Plowing in clover and applying hardwood ashes at the rate of forty bushels 
per acre give good results. 
7. New Varieties. — Kean’s Seedling, a promising fall apple. Medium to 
large, oblate; skin dark green, splashed with red; calyx partly closed, in a 
broad, shallow basin; stem short, stout, set in a deep, narrow cavity; flesh 
crisp, juicy, sub-acid; good for cooking, medium for dessert. Season, Octo- 
ber and November. 
8. Insects and Diseases— Tent caterpillar, codling moth, cureulio, aphis 
and oyster-shell bark louse. Remedies, Paris green, kerosene emulsion. 
When spraying is regularly and properly attended to, very little trouble is 
caused by these pests. 
9. Irrigation is not necessary here, although some seasons are dry, and 
crops are shortened by reason of dry weather, it is not so general or pro- 
nounced as to call for irrigation. Mulching for small fruits and frequent 
and thorough cultivation is about all that is necessary throughout this 
section.' 
10. Statistics— For the county of Simcoe, probably 6,000 acres are in 
orchard and garden. In the Georgian Bay district large quantities of plums 
are grown. Nearly all varieties succeed and produce regular and heavy crops 
of the finest fruit. This section is not excelled, if equaled, in America for 
plum culture. It also produces the finest apples in the world, which cannot be 
excelled in point of quality. Plums are shipped by the carload and are usu- 
ally cheap, owing to large production. Apples usually bring $2 per barrel, 
f. o. b., for the winter varieties. Early varieties bring from $1.25 to $1.50 
per barrel. At these prices apple growing pays. Late varieties are mostly 
stored and repacked for export to British markets during winter. 
11. Not much as yet has been done in evaporated fruits. This branch of 
industry will no doubt grow' with the enlarging area of fruit culture. 
12. Hardiness. — This is a subject that requires careful attention from fruit 
growers. The climatic conditions of the Province vary much in surprisingly 
short distances, owdng to proximity to or distance from large bodies of water 
that nearly surround the Province. As to apples, the introduction of Russian 
and other hardy varieties is extending the area of apple growing much 
farther north than v T as once thought possible. 
Many of the older varieties and higher priced sorts, such as King, Northern 
Spy, Baldwdn, Greening, etc., are rather tender, where planted at a distance 
of say twenty or thirty miles inland from tbe lakes. But they can be 
growm successfully over most of the section south of the 45th parallel, and 
indeed in many localities north of that by top grafting them on hardy stocks. 
Such varieties as Oldenburg, Alexander, and the best of the Russians, seem 
to find a congenial climate in the northern part of the older settled counties 
and grow to great perfection. If the transportation and marketing of these 
fruits (which is now in the experimental stage) proves successful, the area 
of profitable apple culture w T ill be enlarged to a very great extent. 
