FRUrT REPORTS. 
219 
The custom of cultivating hearing orchards is gaining favor but cover 
■crops are seldom grown. Stable manure and sea weed are the principal fer- 
tilizers used and these are suplemented with ground bone, ashes, German 
potash salts, acid phosphate, etc. 
Peach yellows, black knot, apple and pear scab, black rot of the grape 
and brown rot of the cherry and plum are among the most troublesome 
diseases. The codling moth, the apple and pear curculio, the plum curculio 
.and the apple maggot are the most troublesome insects. Fire blight of the 
pear does considerable damage, but there is less apprehension now than 
a' few years ago concerning this malady. 
Only the small fruits are irrigated and this is rather the exception than 
the rule. No water systems are constructed for this purpose. 
The largest orchards in the State are apple orchards, with a large pro- 
portion of the trees Baldwins— much of the fruit is however made into 
cider. In 1895 fifty-two per cent of the apples in nineteen towns in the State, 
each town producing over 5,000 bushels, were made into cider. The average 
price of these apples was twenty-seven cents per bushel. The remaining 
forty-eight per cent that were used for other purposes than the production of 
cider averaged sixty-one and one-quarter cents per bushel. 
The average price of pears grown in six towns, each town producing over 
1,000 bushels of the fruit, was ninety-eight and one-lialf cents per bushel. 
The average price of peaches in two counties producing over 1,000 bushels 
each, was $1.76 per bushel. The yield of strawberries in the State in 1895 
was 257,127 quarts and the average price was nine and one-half cents per 
quart. The average price of raspberries in four counties, each county pro- 
ducing over 5,000 quarts, was fifteen cents per quart. 
Apples are evaporated on a small scale. Few fruits except those belonging 
to the Riibus family were severely injured last winter. Peach trees blos- 
somed freely, but are bearing a light crop. Apples and pears are very good 
but the yield is below the average. 
REPORT FOR SOUTH DAKOTA. 
BY PROF. N. E. HANSEN, BROOKINGS, CHAIRMAN. 
In studying the list of apples grown in the various parts of the State we 
find that South Dakota has a list that is both Minnesota and Southern Iowa 
in characteristics. At the State Fair at Yankton, September 26-30, 1898, the 
list of apples was very creditable for a new State. The following partial 
list of the varieties on exhibition shows that the southern tier of counties along 
the Missouri river can raise varieties which are not at all hardy northward 
in the State: Ben Davis, Oldenburg, Wealthy, Iowa Blush, Ralls Genet, Perry 
Russet, Walbridge, Haas, Tolman Sweet, Sheriff, Bailey Sweet, Grimes 
Golden, Jonathan, Maiden Blush, Bailey Crimson, Fameuse, Longfield, Hiber- 
nal, MacMahon, Plumb Cider, English Russet, Willow Twig Wolf River, 
Black Annette., Winesap, Price Sweet. Of crabs— Yellow Siberian, Whitney, 
Virginia, Richland Sweet, Spitzenburg, Gen. Grant, Hyslop, Transcendent, 
Forbes, Shields and Soulard. 
It is interesting to trace the orcharding belt along the great river, from 
far down in Missouri northward between Iowa and Nebraska and along the 
