92 
PACIFIC FULMAR. 
Adult, 18 ; wing, 121 ; tail, 43 ; bill, 13. 
North-west coast of America. Abundant. 
Adult. 
Bill shorter than the head, fobust, straight, compressed, the tip curved. 
Upper mandible with the nostrils on the ridge, separated by a thin septum, 
covered by an elevated horny case, and opening directly forwards, the sides 
erect, convex, and separated by a groove from the nasal plate, as well as from 
the unguis, which is strong, decurved, and acute, the edges sharp, inflected, 
and slightly recurved from the base to the unguis. Lower mandible with 
the angle long, narrow, acute, the sides erect, with a groove in their whole 
length, the edges sharp and direct, the very short dorsal line ascending and 
slightly concave, the edges decurved at the end. 
Head rather large, ovate ; neck rather short. Feet of moderate length, 
stout ; tibia bare for a short space below ; tarsus a little compressed, covered 
all round with reticular scales, of which those on the anterior and posterior 
thin ridges are much smaller. Hind toe a slight prominence, with a conical 
rather obtuse claw ; the fore toes long, slender, scutellate above, connected 
by striated entire webs, the fourth a little longer than the third, the second 
or inner not much shorter. Claws rather small, slightly arched, compressed, 
acute, that of the third toe with an inner thin edge. Plumage full, close, 
elastic, blended ; on the back and wings the feathers rather distinct. Wings 
long ; primary quills rather broad, tapering to a roundish point having a 
minute acumen, the first four-twelfths longer than the second, which exceeds 
the third by half an inch ; secondary quills broad and rounded. Tail short, 
rounded, of fourteen rounded feathers, of which the lateral are one inch 
shorter than the middle ; the lower tail-coverts’very strong and ‘of the same 
length as the tail-feathers. 
Bill and feet yellow. The head, neck, and lower parts are pure white ; 
the back and wings light greyish-blue, but most of the feathers, including 
those of the tail, becoming dark grey toward the end ; the primary quills 
and their coverts are blackish-brown, tinged with grey. 
Length to end of tail 18 inches ; bill along the ridge 1 T V ; nasal case ; 
wing from flexure 12 T 9 2 ; tail 43 ; tarsus ; hind toe j 9 ^, its claw T \ ; second 
toe li|, its claw T 5 ^; third toe 2 r 2 2 , its claw ^ 1 fourth toe 2^, its claw -fi. 
The young bird is of a uniform dull light dusky-grey colour ; a patch 
before the eye and the primary quills dusky. Its bill and feet are also 
yellow ; the former as in the adult ; the outline of its nasal case straight, its 
ridge carinate. 
Length to end of tail 19£ inches ; bill along the ridge 1|£, nasal case T 7 -| ; 
wins: from flexure 12 A : tail 4 A. 
