96 
LONG-TAILED DUCK. 
brownish-red, the still unelongated scapulars chiefly of the latter colour. A 
broad undefined belt of reddish-brown over the lower fore part of the neck ; 
the rest of the lower parts greyish-white. 
Length to end of tail 22 inches ; extent of wings 29. 
The young female in winter is similar to the adult, but with the upper 
parts paler, the light-coloured patches on the head and neck more dusky, 
and the lower parts of a less pure white. 
Adult males, assuming the summer plumage, about April, present a curious 
intermixture of the variously coloured feathers of the two seasons. 
In a male bird, the tongue is 1 inch and 5 twelfths long, papillate at the 
base, fleshy, with two rows of bristles along the edges. There are 35 
lamellae on each side of the upper, and about 40 on the lower mandible. 
The oesophagus is 7i inches long, 7 twelfths in diameter at the upper part, 
towards the lower parts of the neck dilated to 1 inch, and continuing so to 
the end. The proventriculus is 1 inch 3 twelfths long, its glandules cylin- 
drical and 2 twelfths long. The stomach is a very powerful gizzard, of a 
roundish form, If inches in length, 2 inches and 2 twelfths in breadth ; its 
tendons large ; the right muscle 10 twelfths, the left 11 twelfths in thickness. 
The cuticular lining is thick, and slightly rugous ; the grinding plates thicker 
and denser. The contents of the stomach are small muscles and particles of 
quartz, some of which are 3 twelfths in diameter. The intestine is 5 feet 
6 inches long, its diameter nearly uniform, about 4 twelfths ; the rectum 
enlarged to 5 twelfths, its length 2J inches. Coeca 41 inches long, 3 twelfths 
in diameter, their extremity rounded ; the cloaca globular, about 9 twelfths 
in diameter. 
The trachea, moderately extended, measures 6 inches in length, its breadth 
at the top 5 twelfths, about the middle 8f twelfths. The number of ordi- 
nary rings is 72 ; at the lower part there are 6 expanded rings which are 
broad posteriorly and on the sides, but extremely narrow before ; beyond 
this is a solid bony expansion of 7 united rings, forming anteriorly a trans- 
versely oblong case, having a membrane in front. The contractor muscles 
are very large, for two inches at the top expanded over the fore part, send- 
ing off two cleido-tracheals, then passing down along the edges of the six 
enlarged rings, and terminating on the drum, where the sterno-tracheals 
come off. 
