GOOSANDER. 
91 
and nearly one inch thick at the base, serrated on both mandi- 
bles ; the upper overhanging at the tip, where each is furnished 
with a large nail ; the ridge of the bill is black ; the sides, 
crimson red ; irides, red ; head, crested, tumid, and of a black 
colour, glossed with green, which extends nearly half way 
down the neck, the rest of which, with the breast and belly, 
are white, tinged with a delicate yellowish cream ,* back, and 
adjoining scapulars, black ; primaries, and shoulder of the 
wing, brownish black ; exterior part of the scapulars, lesser 
coverts, and tertials, white ; secondaries, neatly edged with 
black ; greater coverts, white ; their upper halves, black, form- 
ing a bar on the wing ; rest of the upper parts, and tail, 
brownish ash ; legs and feet, the colour of red sealing-wax ; 
flanks, marked with fine semicircular dotted lines of deep brown ; 
the tail extends about three inches beyond the wings. 
This description was taken from a full-plumaged male. The 
young males, which are generally much more numerous than 
the old ones, so exactly resemble the females in their plumage 
for at least the first, and part of the second year, as scarcely to 
be distinguished from them ; and, what is somewhat singular, 
the crests of these and of the females are actually longer than 
those of the full-grown male, though thinner towards its ex- 
tremities. These circumstances have induced some late orni- 
thologists to consider them as two different species, the young, 
or female, having been called the dun diver. By this arrange- 
ment, they have entirely deprived the goosander of his female ; 
for, in the whole of my examinations and dissections of the 
present species, I have never yet found the female in his dress. 
What I consider as undoubtedly the true female of this species, 
is figured beside him. They were both shot in the month 
of April, in the same creek, unaccompanied by any other ; and, 
on examination, the sexual parts of each were strongly and 
prominently marked. The windpipe of the female had nothing 
remarkable in it ; that of the male had two very large expan- 
sions, which have been briefly described by Willoughby, who 
