456 
PALLAS’ DIPPER. 
noisy cascades, and the wildest torrents. The exceedingly 
great similarity of form in the two species, strongly warrants 
the belief of equal similarity in habits. The more uniform and 
cinereous hue of the American, the want of reddish, but espe- 
cially the striking absence of the white on the throat and 
breast, are the sole, but sufficient marks of difference between 
the two species, 
Pallas’ dipper is longer than the common species, measuring- 
eight and a half inches. The bill is perfectly similar, and three 
quarters of an inch long, blackish, paler beneath and on the 
edges. The whole bird, without any exception, is of a dark 
greyish slate colour, with the base of the plumage somewhat 
lighter ; at the superior orbit is a slight indication of whitish. 
The uniform general colour is somewhat darker on the head, 
and a shade lighter beneath. Thq wings are three and a half 
inches long, as in the genus ; the coverts and tertials slightly 
tipped wdth dingy whitish ; the primaries incline somewhat to 
brown ; the tail measures one inch and a half, and is perfectly 
even. The feet are of a flesh colour, and the nails dusky 
white ; the tarsus is precisely one inch long. 
If we could rely on Brehm, four species of this genus exist, 
which are all found in the old continent. Two are new ones, 
proposed by himself, under the names of Cinclus septentrionoUs, 
and Cinclus melanog aster. The latter, according to him, is a 
Siberian species, appearing occasionally on the northern coast 
of European Russia, in winter, and is, perhaps, a genuine spe- 
cies, easily distinguished from the Cinclus aquaticus^ by having 
but ten feathers in the tail, whilst all others have twelve, in 
addition to its smaller size, darker colour, and dingy throat ; 
but the former can hardly be regarded even as a northern 
variety produced by climate. Mr Brehm is probably quite 
correct in observing, that both his new species are perfectly 
similar to the old one. 
