MacDougal. — Symbiotic Saprophy lism. 3 r 
roots are covered with a network of septate branching hyphae 
which extend nearly to the apex, and become brownish with 
age. The epidermal cells in places are extended into papilla- 
like root-hairs, but in no instance does the Fungus gain 
entrance through these structures. Penetration of the epi- 
dermal cells is made directly through the outer wall, and 
clumps are formed in these and the exodermal cells. The 
arrangement is to be considered as an incipient ectotropic 
mycorhiza, since the state of the external layers appears 
to denote a heightened nutrition. 
Various other species examined. 
The roots of Clintonia borealis , Sanguinaria canadensis , 
Helonias bullata , and Podophyllum peltatum were examined 
and found to be free from Fungi, except an occasional adherent 
hypha on root-hairs and decaying epidermal cells. 
Pterospora andromedea. Nutt. 
Pterospora andromedea is the sole representative of this 
North American genus, and it ranges from Quebec, New 
Hampshire and Pennsylvania, westward through Michigan 
and Wisconsin to the Rocky Mountains, extending northward 
into British Columbia and southward into Arizona. Near the 
southern limit it is found only above altitudes of two thousand 
meters. Its habitat is in humus-soils under or near Oaks and 
Pines, or rarely other coniferous trees. The eight genera of 
Monotropeae are saprophytic, although some closely related 
genera are parasitic. Monotropa has been somewhat thoroughly 
investigated, and Oliver has recently published a paper in this 
journal descriptive of his morphological researches upon 
Sarcodes sanguinea (29). It is to be seen by reference to 
Oliver’s work that many of the characteristics of Sarcodes 
are duplicated in Pterospora. The results of some observa- 
tions upon herbarium-specimens of Pterospora are given by 
Oliver. 
Nearly all the discussions of the dicotyledonous holosapro- 
