Cytology of the Ascomycete-s . 471 
We have represented these differences diagrammatically in the accom- 
panying text-figure, in which, for the sake of uniformity, we have assumed 
the minimum number of chromosomes to be two throughout. 
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The Sexuality of the Ascomycetes. 
In the development of a knowledge of these forms history has more 
than once repeated itself. 
In 1791 Bulliard (4) described the asci as female organs and suggested 
that their fertilization was accomplished by the bursting of the paraphyses, 
which he regarded as male. 
In and after 1863 the classical researches of De Bary (8) and his pupils 
established the existence of archicarps and antheridia in a number of 
species ; they brought forward evidence of the occurrence of fertilization at 
this stage in some cases, and of a corresponding 1 reduced ’ development 
in others. They regarded the aseus as a spore mother cell. 
From 1872 onwards the extensive researches of Brefeld (3) appeared. 
He denied the sexual character of the organs observed by De Bary and 
attributed a vegetative significance to their fusions. 
In 1894 Dangeard (7), investigating Peziza vesiculosa and some other 
forms, discovered the fusion in the aseus. He accepted the sexuality of 
