346 
ME. ST. GrEOEGrE MIYAET OX THE SKELETOX OE THE PEIMATES. 
of the latter*. In the rest the proportion is less, but is still above 3 to 10, except in 
Mycetes, Hapale, Hylobates, Indris, Ateles, and Simia. 
The length of the tarsus, as compared with that of the carpus, is far greatest in Tarsius 
and Galago. It is least in Simia, Arctocebus, and Hylobates. 
The tarsus, besides sesamoids, always consists of seven bones only, except that, 
^according to Vax Campex f , an extra ossicle is developed in the transverse ligament 
■enclosing the flexor tendons. 
The tarsal bones almost always form an arch, both antero-posteriorly and trans- 
versely, but only in Man is the former so extended that the distal ends of the inner 
metatarsals form the anterior point of support. It must be remembered, however, that 
in him this is only the case as regards the tibia!, or inner side of the foot. The fifth 
metatarsal is applied to the ground at its proximal end ; and thus Man, like the lower 
Primates, puts the outer part of the tarsus and metatarsus to the ground J. 
The transverse arch is very marked in all Anthropoidea, it is less so in some of the 
other suborders. 
Os Calcis . — The calcaneum is absolutely longest in the Gorilla §, but it is nearly as 
long in Man. 
Its length in proportion to that of the spine is far greatest in Tarsius, namely, as 
36‘4 to 100 ; then in Galago, where it is just under one-fifth of the length of the spinal 
column ; and then in the Gorilla and Man, where it is a little more than one-tenth. In 
the rest it varies between this proportion and one-twentieth, which is about that of 
Perodicticus and Arctocebus. 
The tuberosity at its extremity is generally produced upwards or downwards, or both. 
It is produced both upwards and downwards in the Chimpanzee, Orang, Ateles, Lago- 
thrix, and Mycetes, and more or less so in Arctocebus and Perodicticus. It is produced 
downwards only in the Gorilla and Loris, upwards only in the lower Simiidse and Ce- 
bidse, Hapale, Indris, and Lemur. 
It (the tuberosity) is broadest at its plantar end in Man, and sometimes in the 
Gorilla ; generally it is so at its middle, as in Simia and Ateles, or towards its upper 
end, as in the lower Simiidee. In Hylobates it is sometimes as broad below as above. 
In Man and the Gorilla the tuberosity is convex behind ; it is concave in the Chim- 
panzee and in Hylobates ; and in most of the forms below that genus it is vertically 
grooved behind. This is not the case, however, in the Nycticebinse. 
* Dr. Lucae estimates the tarsus by measuring it in. front of the articular surface for the tibia, while I 
employ its extreme length/ from the tuberosity of the os calcis to the distal margin of the ecto-euneiforme. 
Hence there are necessarily discrepancies between tbe results obtained by us. 
t See ‘ Yerhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van "Wetenschappen.’ Zevende Deel, 1859, p. 21, and 
plate 1. fig. 8*. 
± Professor Huxley bas called attention to this fact in his lectures at the Government School of Mines ; and 
Mr. Hexry Hancock, in his lectures on the anatomy and surgery of the foot, remarks, “ The external margin, 
in standing, rests for the most part on the ground ” (Lancet for June 1866, vol. xxiii. p. 618). 
§ Professor Owen remarks that it is longer than in Man (Comp. Anat. of Yertebrates, vol. ii. p. 550). 
