26 Bower . — Studies in the Phytogeny of the Filicales. VI. 
bearing stalked, often coriaceous leaves. These were undivided in most 
species, but S. quinata differs from the rest in having five pinnae, one being 
large and terminal. The appearance is like the leaf of a Horse-chestnut. 1 
This species supplies an obvious link in leaf-habit between the simply 
pinnate Metaxya and the entire-leaved species of Syngramme. The vena- 
tion in vS. borneensis , Hk., is identical with that of Metaxya , except for the 
fact that the veins are united at their margins (Text-fig. 12, a). But this is 
not constant at the base of the lamina (Text-fig. 12, b) } where numerous free 
veins occur. In other species the fusions may be more numerous, so as to 
constitute a marginal reticulum, as in 5 . Wallichii , Hk. (Text-fig. 12, c\ but 
Text-fig. 12. a, venation of part of leaf of Syngramme borneensis , showing marginal fusions ; 
b, basal region of a similar leaf showing fusions often omitted ; e, venation of leaf of Syngramme 
( Gymnogramme ) Wallichii , Hk., herb. spec, from Singapore ; d, ditto, but showing more complex 
reticulation, x 4. 
it is irregular, and may show free marginal twigs, or closed loops (Text-fig. 
12, d). All these appear as natural and slight steps of progression from an 
open Pecopterid venation, and it is noteworthy that in none of them are 
there intro-areolar free-ending vascular twigs , as in the Dipteroideae . 
The sori follow the veins, but they stop short of the margin. 2 If 
the plural sori on the veins of Metaxya were linked together into a continuous 
sorus — and this is even suggested by the elongated form which they often 
show in Metaxya — the result would be what is seen in Syngramme. In 
both the sporangia are accompanied by paraphyses : the sporangia have the 
induration of the annulus interrupted at the insertion of the stalk, and 
1 See Hooker, Sp. Fil., vol. v, p. 152, Tab. CCXCVII. 2 Engler und Prantl, i, 4, Fig. 135, p. 256. 
