169 
the Young Epicotyl in some Ranalean Forms, 
are connected up by what appear to be secondary elements arranged in 
radial rows. An endodermis is distinguishable in connexion with the 
strands in the leaf and round the axial cylinder. In this particular seedling 
an internal layer is not distinguishable, but older seedlings show an internal 
layer also, in communication with the outer through the leaf gaps. 
This endodermis is never diagrammatic and is often very difficult to 
demonstrate. It can sometimes be detected in an unstained section by its 
highly refractive walls. Gentian violet and Bismarck brown, the double 
stain used for most of the work described in this paper, will only show up 
the endodermis in very exceptional cases, and cannot be relied upon. 
Phloroglucinol as used by Professor Jeffrey was most satisfactory, but as 
Text-figs. 13 and 14. Ranunculus gramineus. First plumular node at two stages under 
the same magnification. Enq l, Endodermis. 
this cannot be used for permanent preparation, an attempt was made to find 
a suitable stain for the purpose. A saturated spirit solution of malachite 
green, counterstained with borax carmine or eosin in clove oil, was found 
the most satisfactory relatively permanent stain, although it fades rather 
quickly. 
In quickly growing seedlings a rapid increase in girth causes a tan- 
gential stretching of the elements, particularly of the phloem (see PI. XIII, 
Fig. 4). In extreme cases this may disguise the radial arrangement of the 
elements. 
A slow growing autumn seedling cut in the spring showed an entire 
lack of this feature. 
Lateral roots frequently occur at the cotyledonary node. 
R. parviflorus shows cambial growth almost before the primary wood 
