being fertilized Jiater by any hawk-moth which might visit it .irvihe 
evening. . The/ mere opening of the flower too early in, "the day 
prevent*, its t/roducing fruit. 
^Mkny herbaceous plants especially the European cultivated 
/annuals, si^ch as Zinneas, Helianthi, Tagetes' fruit regularly and 
abundantly the first year, their offspring are inferior in strength, 
and dull iff colouring, with often smaller flowers, or capitula, and 
fruiting more and more feebly each year soon die out. The climate 
seems to have y ,& deteriorating effect on them. 
Plants whicLUiave long been cultivated from cuttings seem also to 
lose their reproductive functions. Justicia Gendaruzza, is cultivated 
to a small extent Tr^all native villages and constantly flowers, but 
its fruit seems to bs^cjTiite. unknown. Pogostemon cablin ) the 
Patchouli cultivated abundantly, very rarely flowers and has never 
so far as I know beeji known to fruit. The Indigo cultivated all over 
Singapore from cuttings, though flowering abundantly never seems 
to set seed. Th,e Lemon-grass, Andropogon citratus, and a species 
of PandanuSj /commonly cultivated all over the East for its leaves 
used to flavour rice, have never been known to flower. 
Uvartq- purpurea, a native of Singapore and various parts of 
the Periinsula has long been cultivated in the Gardens and is always 
in noyer, yet it has only produced two or three fruits, while an 
exotic species from Saigon, fruits annually. It seems, however, not 
.uncommon for a shrub or tree to fruit more heavily in a new country 
than in its own. Dichopsis Gutta, fominstance, flowers and fruits 
comparatively rarely in the Peninsula, T>ut in Java we are informed 
it flowers and fruits abundantly. Many of the forest trees, too, fruit 
naturally very rarely, Homalium grandiflorum flowers very rarely, 
a tree in the Botanic Gardens has pnly flowered once in 18 years, 
and though it then flowered heavily I jras unable to find a single 
fertile fruit on it. Most of the Diptercarpese fruit but once in five 
years. 
A certain number of the forest trees and shrubs are very regular 
in flowering and fruiting, some having tv/* annual flowerings, but a 
number must certainly flower at very rare intervals, for of many by 
RO means rare plants I have never been able to find flowers, notably 
among the Laurineoe. 
Many exotic shrubs, however, flower and fruit regularly, and in a 
few cases have quite established themselves in the country. Napo- 
teona imperialis , of West Africa, Cryptostegia madagascariensis, 
Strop hanthusjiispidus, the Gustavias of Brazil, Duranta Plumiari 
Franciscea eximza ^ Diospyros discolor , and very many others repro- 
duce themselves with great regularity. Lantana mixta and Mimosa 
sepiana, Chtoma cajanifolia are quite established here. 
Imported shrubs. Most exotic shrubs which grow at all or survive 
the climate for any length of time flower sooner or later, some, such 
as Camellias, flower on the old wood shortly after importation, once 
or perhaps on the second year, then cease tcf flower though they 
may live and grow slowly for many years. The flower buds which 
