292 
ME, W. K. PAEKEE ON THE STETJCTUEE AND 
Where the facial arches most closely imitate ribs, as in the first and second postoral, 
the “ capitulum ” and the “tuberculum” are applied to a part to which they have no 
proper morphological relation — namely, to a sense-capsule. This is one of the many 
modifications the morphological elements are subjected to in the cephalic region. 
The original pattern of the facial system of a vertebrate is simple in the extreme ; the 
paired rods are accurately like each other, but their development is not quite synchro- 
nous ; the secondary preoral pterygo-palatine (p-pg-) is overshadowed and slow in growth 
(see Plate XXVIII. fig. 2, where the arches are drawn as though the object were trans- 
parent) *. The facial thickenings between the clefts which contain the arches may be seen 
with considerable clearness, especially in front (fig. 3); here in front of (above) the mouth 
towards the mid line we see the clubbed ends of the trabeculae ( tr .) roofed over by the 
nasal sacs. Below and somewhat behind these are the pterygo-palatine arches (ppg.), 
in the thick outer wall of which the maxillaries and malars will be developed, and the 
pith of which will become, by early ossification, the palatine and pterygoid bones. 
Below the inferior , transverse, large mouth, the thickenings which contain the first and 
second postorals are seen — Meckelian and hyoid. The cleft which is formed between 
the trabecular and the pterygo-palatine bars is best seen in the side view (figs. 1 & 2, cl. 1) ; 
it opens in the inner canthus of the eye. The two pairs of preoral rods will be best 
understood by reference to a palatal view of the skull with the postorals cut away (fig. 4), 
and to the diagrammatic view of the skull and face as seen from below (fig. 5). It is 
easy to see, by a reference to the palatal view (fig. 4), that we are now standing on the 
same level as the “ Dipnoi ” amongst the Fishes ; the external nostril ( e.n .) and the 
internal (i.n.) lie on the same plane ; a free intervening growth of cartilage, binding 
the arches together, with no further metamorphosis of the parts, would produce a true 
parallel to the skull of those remarkable Fish. The sinuosities of the upturned palate 
(fig. 4), its plaits and its crevices, are easily understood by reference to the diagram 
(fig. 5). 
First Freoral Arch. — The trabecular rods form together an elegantly lyriform struc- 
ture ; they already have begun their extensive “ commissure,” being parallel now in 
their fore half. Behind, they are like callipers, and the blades are at some distance from 
each other ; their apices, sharpened off, seem to approach the fore end of the investing 
mass ( i.v .) ; but a sectional view (fig. 6, tr.cm., i.v .) corrects this error, and shows that these 
diverse parts lie on a totally distinct plane and far from each other, a fact I pointed out 
long ago in my paper on the Frog (Phil. Trans. 1871, Plate hi. p. 143). These trabe- 
cular blades embrace the pituitary body (py.) ; but their curve does not conform to 
its shape, and is altogether independent of it, being the proper “ habit ” or morpholo- 
gical fashion of the arch. After forming the elegant, pyriform, primordial pituitary 
space, the trabeculae become thicker, narrower, and lie closely side by side ; this is soon 
followed by fusion of their edges — the formation of the trabecular commissure (see 
Plate XXIX. fig. 4, tr.cm.). These two rods do not end as a straight bar, but in front 
* In my paper on the Erog (Phil. Trans. 1871, p. 148) the pterygo-palatine arcade is described as a secondary 
structure ; in that on the Salmon (ibid. 1873, p. 109) it is spoken of as independent. It is a secondary arch. 
