ME. H. F. BLANFOED ON THE WINDS OF NOETHEEN INDIA. 
585 
line (as in March), they now blow towards it ; instead of being a place of high, the 
medial line is now a place of low barometer. By November the north-east trade has 
pushed the place of equal contest as far down as the parallel of 5° N.” With some 
demur to certain expressions, which might be taken to imply that the winds are impelled 
towards their place of meeting against mutual resistence by a vis a tercjo , the above 
represents in a general way the character of the north-east monsoon’s advance. But, as 
in the case of the opposite change already described, this advance is more rapid on the 
Indian than the Burmese coast of the Bay. At Akyab southerly winds still prepon- 
derate in October, while at False Point north and north-east winds are in considerable 
excess ; and even at Madras northerly winds are quite as frequent as those from southerly 
quarters in that month. 
Such being the general scheme of the wind-currents of Northern India, it remains 
now to trace out their relations to temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure at 
the different seasons of the year. With this view I proceed to give a sketch (imperfect 
indeed in many respects, but still not without value) of the distribution and annual 
changes of these important elements of climate. 
Part EL— RELATIONS OF THE WINDS TO OTHEE ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE. 
Temperature . — The general distribution of temperature, which I have deduced from 
the registers of the last few years *, agrees generally with that represented on the Messrs. 
* I give the results in two Tables — the first of which shows the mean temperature of each place in each 
month of the year, as deduced from the observations, the second the equivalents of these at sea-level. The means 
have been obtained in various ways. For the Lower Provinces and Assam, as well as for Eoorkee and (in part) 
Benares, I have taken the arithmetical means of observations recorded at 4 and 10 a.h. and p.m. In the case 
of Seebsaugor alone, sunrise observations are substituted for those at 4 a.m'. At stations in the Central and 
North-western Provinces (other than Eoorkee and Benares), the mean of the minimum and 4 p.h. tempe- 
ratures is taken as the mean of the day ; and in the case of the Punjab stations, I have applied to the means 
of the mean maxima and minima a correction proportional to the mean diurnal range, derived from the Eoorkee 
registers. The sea-level values in Table III. are obtained by adding to the figures in Table II. 1° for every 
350 feet of elevation. 
Owing to the shortness of the periods from which, in many cases, the mean temperatures of Tables II. and III. 
have been obtained, the diversity of the methods of reduction, and, above all, my uncertainty how far the 
instruments employed in the Central Provinces, the North-western Provinces, and the Punjab can be accepted 
as accurate and comparable, I hesitate to base any conclusions on small differences of temperature, even when 
the registers of several stations yield concordant evidence of their reality. For these reasons I am far from con- 
fident that the peculiar loop which the isotherm of 60° makes in the Gangetic plain in the January chart will 
be substantiated by more complete and trustworthy data. Its existence rests on the evidence of Benares and 
Lucknow given in the Tables, with that of Bareilly, Goruckpore, and Fyzabad (each for four years). The 
January temperatures of these latter stations are respectively 57°’4, 60°T, and 60°-5, which, reduced to sea- 
level values, are 59°, 60 o- 8, and 61°-5. There are, however, independent grounds for regarding as probabl 
the distribution of temperature thus indicated. There is an evident relation between the loop of abnormally 
low temperature and that of high pressure shown in the same chart ; and the fact already noticed, that southerly 
winds prevail on the southern slopes of the Himalaya throughout the cold- weather months, might lead us to 
