552 
PROFESSOR OWEN’S DESCRIPTION OE THE CAVERN OF 
Table op Admeasurements. 
Length of series of 
grinders. 
Length of 
series of 
premolars, 
p 2, 3, 4. 
Length of 
series of 
molars, 
ml, 2, 3. 
Length of 
series of 
premolars, 
p 2, 3, 4. 
Length of 
molars, 
m 1, 2, 3. 
From p 2 
to i 3. 
From_p 2 
to i 3. 
Upper. 
Lower. 
Upper. 
Upper. 
Lower. 
Lower. 
Upper. 
Lower. 
in. 
lines. 
in. 
lines. 
in. 
lines. 
in. 
lines. 
in. 
lines. 
in. 
lines. 
in. 
lines. 
in. 
lines. 
Equus caballus, large var. 
7 
7 
7 
8 
3 
11 
3 
8 
3 
9 
3 
11 
5 
7 
5 
0 
, small var. ... 
6 
8 
6 
7 
3 
9 
3 
1 
3 
4 
3 
3 
asinus 
5 
9 
6 
0 
3 
2 
2 
7 
3 
li 
2 
9 
3 
0 
2 
8 
heinionus 
6 
0 
6 
1 
3 
4 
2 
8 
3 
2 
2 
10 
4 
0 
3 
4|- 
quagga 
6 
4 
6 
5 
3 
4 
3 
0 
3 
5 
3 
0 
3 
0 
2 
9 
Burchelli 
6 
6 
6 
7 
3 
6 
3 
0 
3 
6 
3 
1 
3 
5 
3 
4 
zebra 
6 
6 
3 
6 
3 
0 
spelaeus, No 1 * 
6 
6 
3 
6 
3 
0 
cp 4* 
7 
2 
4 
0 
3 
2 
3 
6 
, No. 3 + 
6 
7i 
3 
7 1 
3 
Oi 
, No. 4§ 
7 
0 
7 
3 
4 
7 i 
3 
v 2 
0 
3 
9 
3 
6 
3 
6 
From other parts of the enduring framework of the Horse-tribe, more or less petrified 
in the brecciated deposits of Bruniquel, but little aid can be had in the determination of 
the question of their affinities in that natural and slightly differentiated group. Every bone 
containing a marrow-cavity has been split or fractured to get access to that savoury and 
nutritious substance. The dental canal and roots of the teeth have been exposed in 
every specimen of upper and lower jaws for the same purpose. Some carpal and tarsal 
bones are entire : amongst the latter is the characteristic astragalus of an Equus , showing 
its deep and oblique pulley. It differs from that of our present average-sized horses 
only in the same degree of size as do the teeth and jaws previously described, and it 
doubtless belongs to the same race. 
A portion of femur shows a longitudinal extent from the lower part of the third tro- 
chanter to the upper part of the fossa, giving origin to the gastrocnemius externus, which, 
compared with the circumference of the shaft midway between these parts, indicates a 
proportion of femur corresponding, in relative length to thickness, more with that of the 
Horse than with that of the Ass. 
Concluding Remarks . — The conclusions to which I have been led by the preceding 
comparisons are as follows : — First, that the Bruniquel Equine fossils are identical in race 
with those which have been obtained from certain freshwater postpliocene or quaternary 
beds in France, as from the locality, for example, traversed by the river Allier, near the 
Tour de .Juvillac, Puy-de-Dome. They present a closer resemblance, in all the points 
compared, with those ‘fossils of deposit’ than with any other known extinct or recent 
Equine. Secondly, I infer from the sum of the known characters of this rather small 
and seemingly extinct race of Equines, that they were more nearly allied to the true 
H orses, forming the limited genus Equus of modern Mammalogy, than to the Zebras and 
* Var. A, Plate LX. fig. 2. + Var. B, Plate LX. fig. 3. 
$ From freshwater beds. Tour de Juvillac, Puy-de-Dome, smaller variety. 
§ From freshwater beds, Tour de Juvillac, Puy-de-Dome, larger variety. 
