554 
PROFESSOR OWEN’S DESCRIPTION OF THE CAVERN OF 
may also have been meant to indicate the horse (a), the mare ( b ), and the foal (c). Three 
of the heads, two on one side and one on the other, are of the largest size, and measure 
from the setting-on of the ear to the nostril 1 inch 8 lines, or 1 inch 9 lines. A single 
head on one side (fig. 8, b) gives 1 inch 5 lines in the same admeasurement ; a single 
head on the opposite side (fig. 7, c) gives but 1 inch ; the depth of the head in this indi- 
cation of a colt or filly is in proportion to the minor length, as compared with the full- 
sized specimens. But what is most to my present purpose is the evidence of the length 
of the beard-like hairs in the stallions, and the pointed ears in all. The short pointed 
ears, associated with the bushy tail, are evidence of the affinity of the animal figured 
in cuts 7 & 8, to Equus proper. The ears alone would not have been of value, since 
those of the Kiang have the shape and almost the proportion of the horse’s ears. In 
the wild Ass or Onager, the length of the ears and their less acute termination are 
conspicuous. The ears are large and obtuse in all the Zebrine groups. The profile of 
the fore part of the head (chaffron or ‘ chanfrein ’) of the mature horses is straight, as 
in the Greek sculptures *. It is a little convex in the outline of what I conclude to be 
the head of a young animal (fig. 7, c ), in which, from the jaws not bearing the full den- 
tition, they are shorter, and the eye (orbit) is accordingly more nearly midway between 
the ear and the angle of the mouth. 
The accuracy with which the characters of Cervus tarandus are rendered, in the outline 
of the head and antlers of which a figure was communicated to the Royal Society in Part I. 
(June 9th, 1864 : Cuts, figs. 5 & 6, p. 517), justifies the inferences deduced from the works 
of an equally accurate primeval artist, to whom we are now indebted for, perhaps, the most 
satisfactory evidences of the affinities of the Equus spelceus. The mouth (Cut, fig. 8, a!) is 
not indicated by a mere line or simple incision ; the outer ridges of the Equine molars must 
have suggested the character of a multiplicity of teeth. Viewed by the hand magnifier, 
one sees, in fact, that the prehistoric Troglodyte has expressed his idea of the interlabial 
structures, conventionally no doubt, by a row of minute notches above and below the line 
representing the meeting of the molars. An accurate drawing of this appearance, so 
* On the Elgin. Marbles the domesticated horses are not larger than the wild animals which have left their 
remains in the Bruniquel cave. 
